The Passions

A survey of astonishing breadth and penetration. No cognitive neuroscientist should ever conduct an experiment in the domain of the emotions without reading this book, twice. Parashkev Nachev, Institute of Neurology, UCL There is not a slack moment in the whole of this impressive work. With his remarkable facility for making fine distinctions, and his commitment to lucidity, Peter Hacker has subtly characterized those emotions such as pride, shame, envy, jealousy, love or sympathy which make up our all too human nature. This is an important book for philosophers but since most of its illustrative material comes from an astonishing range of British and European literature, it is required reading also for literary scholars, or indeed for anyone with an interest in understanding who and what we are. David Ellis, University of Kent Human beings are all subject to boundless flights of joy and delight, to flashes of anger and fear, to pangs of sadness and grief. We express our emotions in what we do, how we act, and what we say, and we can share our emotions with others and respond sympathetically to their feelings. Emotions are an intrinsic part of the human condition, and any study of human nature must investigate them. In this third volume of a major study in philosophical anthropology which has spanned nearly a decade, one of the most preeminent living philosophers examines and reflects upon the nature of the emotions, advancing the view that novelists, playwrights, and poets - rather than psychologists and cognitive neuroscientists - elaborate the most refined descriptions of their role in human life. In the book's early chapters, the author analyses the emotions by situating them in relation to other human passions such as affections, appetites, attitudes, and agitations. While presenting a detailed connective analysis of the emotions, Hacker challenges traditional ideas about them and criticizes misconceptions held by philosophers, psychologists, and cognitive neuroscientists. With the help of abundant examples and illustrative quotations from the Western literary canon, later sections investigate, describe, and disentangle the individual emotions - pride, arrogance, and humility; shame, embarrassment, and guilt; envy and jealousy; and anger. The book concludes with an analysis of love, sympathy, and empathy as sources of absolute value and the roots of morality. A masterful contribution, this study of the passions is essential reading for philosophers of mind, psychologists, cognitive neuroscientists, students of Western literature, and general readers interested in understanding the nature of the emotions and their place in our lives.

P.M.S. Hacker is the leading authority on the philosophy of Wittgenstein. He is Emeritus Fellow at St John's College, Oxford University, where he was a Tutorial Fellow in philosophy from 1966 to 2006, and has held visiting chairs in North America and both British Academy and Leverhulme Senior Research Fellowships. He is the author of nineteen books and over 150 papers, and has written extensively on the philosophy of Wittgenstein, the history of analytic philosophy, philosophy of language, philosophy of mind, and cognitive neuroscience.

Preface xi Acknowledgements xvii Part I Sketching the Landscape 1 Chapter 1 The Place of the Emotions among the Passions 3 Chapter 2 The Analytic of the Emotions I 37 Chapter 3 The Analytic of the Emotions II 60 Chapter 4 The Dialectic of the Emotions 83 Part II Human, All Too Human 129 Chapter 5 Pride, Arrogance, and Humility 131 Chapter 6 Shame, Embarrassment, and Guilt 152 Chapter 7 Envy 183 1. Envy and jealousy: a pair of vicious emotions 183 Chapter 8 Jealousy 208 Chapter 9 Anger 232 Part III The Saving Graces: Love, Friendship, and Sympathy 265 Chapter 10 Love 267 Chapter 11 Friendship 327 Chapter 12 Sympathy and Empathy Appendix: Moments in the History of Love 393 1. The history of love 393 2. Ancient Israel 395 3. Ancient Greece 402 4. From pagan Rome to Christian Rome 410 5. Early Christianity 417 6. The deification of love 426 Index 438