Deterrence and Denial

This volume examines the strategic role of fleets in being—naval forces that exert influence without engaging in battle—through eighteen case studies spanning from the seventeenth century to today’s maritime powers.
Deterrence and Denial examines the concept of the “fleet in being,” a naval force that influences strategic outcomes not through direct action but through its mere existence, positioning, and potential threat. While traditional naval strategy emphasizes offensive operations—such as blockades, invasions, and fleet engagements—this volume turns attention to the often-overlooked role of deterrence and denial. Across eighteen case studies written by leading historians and defense scholars, the book demonstrates how both major and minor powers have employed fleets in being to constrain adversaries, shape operational choices, and preserve strategic options. From the Age of Sail and Napoleonic conflicts to World Wars, Cold War standoffs, and present-day Chinese and Russian maritime strategy, these chapters highlight how fleets have prevented escalation, protected territory, and thwarted enemy plans. Deterrence and Denial provides critical insight into the enduring and underappreciated utility of naval forces that shape events by their presence rather than by their firepower.

Edited by S.C.M. Paine