The Private Diplomacy of Shibusawa Eiichi

"This book offers an account of the life of Shibusawa Eiichi, who may be considered the first 'internationalist' in modern Japan, written by his great grandson Masahide and published in 1970 under the title, Taiheiyo ni kakeru hashi (Building Bridges Over the Pacific). Japan had a tortuous relationship with internationalism between 1840, when Shibusawa was born, and 1931, the year the nation invaded Manchuria and when he passed away. The key to understanding Shibusawa's thoughts against the background of this history, the author shows, lies in the concept of 'people's diplomacy,' namely an approach to international relations through non-governmental connections. Such connections entail more transnational than international relations. In that sense, Shibusawa was more a transnationalist than an internationalist thinker. Internationalism presupposes the prior existence of sovereign states among which they cooperate to establish a peaceful order. The best examples are the League of Nations and the United Nations. Transnationalism, in contrast, goes beyond the framework of sovereign nations and promotes connections among individuals and non-governmental organizations. It could be called "globalism" in the sense that transnationalism aims at building bridges across the globe apart from independent nation-states. In that sense Shibusawa was a pioneering globalist. It was only in the 1990s that expressions like globalism and globalization came to be widely used. This was more than sixty years after Shibusawa Eiichi's death, which suggests how pioneering his thoughts were." [Akira Iriye]

Shibusawa Masahide (b.1925), great grandson of Shibusawa Eiichi, has been closely involved for much of his life in organizations dedicated to facilitating international exchange and dialogue, including his period as executive director of the MRA (Moral Re-armament) Foundation from 1964 to 2013. He has also been an active supporter of education and research in international relations in East and Southeast Asia, including a period as Research Fellow at the Royal Institute of International Affairs (Chatham House), London, in the 1980s. In addition to the present work, his publications in English include Asia in the World Community (1973), and Japan and the Asian Pacific Region (1984). Masahide Shibusawa (b. 1925) graduated from the Department of Agricultural Economy of the University of Tokyo in 1950. Closely involved in organizations dedicated to facilitating international exchange and dialogue, he was executive director of the MRA (Moral Re-armament) Foundation from 1964 to 2013, executive director of the Language Institute of Japan from 1968 to 1997 and director of the East-West Seminars (run by the MRA Foundation) from 1970 to 1997.