Defensive Nationalism

A stunningly novel account of why populism and fascism are on the rise in the early 21st century. Today we find in the most technologically advanced societies, wild conspiracy theories and a broad distrust of science and expertise have created deep political divisions that are splitting nations in two. Defensive Nationalism explains this paradox, using history as a guide. B. S. Rabinowitz finds that the turn-of-the 19th century was also a period of exceptional technological innovation that ended with toxic political upheavals. To investigate why, the author combines Karl Polanyi's concept of the "double movement" with Joseph Schumpeter's theory of innovation. Weaving together a fascinating narrative that spans two centuries, the book traces how the rapid transformation of transportation and communications during the Industrial Revolution and the Digital Revolution created economic interdependence and capital flows that induced radical economic, social, and political disruptions. In response, separate national-populist movements, stemming from particular national histories and struggles, arose concurrently to produce an era of "defensive nationalism." Distinguishing between creative, consolidating, and defensive nationalism, Rabinowitz offers a persuasively fresh way to study socio-political patterns across time and space.

B. S. Rabinowitz is Associate Professor of Comparative Politics at Rutgers University. Rabinowitz's research addresses large theoretical questions about politics and social organization, from the effects of nationalism and the causes of ethnic conflict to the conditions needed for post-colonial state development. The author's work uniquely synthesizes theory and comparative history to examine how institutions shape leadership decisions and political outcomes, as well as how large structural change explains global social upheavals. Rabinowitz received a Political Science doctorate from University of California, Berkeley, and a Social Science Master's from the University of Chicago.

Introduction: The Paradox of Modernity Part I: Theory Chapter One: The Concepts: Populism, Nationalism, Fascism and Nativism Chapter Two: The Synthesis: A New Typology of Nationalism Chapter Three: Karl Polanyi: Theory & Ambiguity Chapter Four: Joseph Schumpeter: Technology and the "Double Movement" Part II: The Rise of the Modern Liberal Order Chapter Five: The Belle Epoque: Railroads & Telegraphy Chapter Six: The Digital Age: Turbo jets & Computers Part III: The Dark Side of Globalization Chapter Seven: Economic Reorganization & Economic Crises Chapter Eight: Mass Media & Fake News Chapter Nine: Mass Immigration & Global Terrorism Part IV: Anti-Globalization Chapter Ten: From Globalization to the Nation Chapter Eleven: The Turn Inward: Nativism & Fascism Part V: Post-War Peace Chapter Twelve: The Concert of Europe Chapter Thirteen: The Bretton Woods Era Conclusion: Using History as a Guide Notes Index