Cognitive Biases

Many studies in cognitive psychology have provided evidence of systematic deviations in cognitive task performance relative to that dictated by optimality, rationality, or coherency. The texts in this volume present an account of research into the cognitive biases observed on various tasks: reasoning, categorization, evaluation, and probabilistic and confidence judgments. The authors have attempted to discern the contribution of the study of bias to our understanding of the cognitive processes involved in each case, rather than proposing an inventory of the different types of biases. A special section has been devoted to studies on the correction of biases and cognitive aids.

Biases relative to the external structure of informationConditions for accuracy: General or specific?The anchoring-adjustment heuristic in an "information rich, real world setting": knowledge assessment by expertsGrouping and categorization in judgements of contingencyFraming biases in genetic risk perceptionStudents' conceptions in physics and mathematics: biases and helps Biases in reasoning pragmaticsConversational and world knowledge constraints on deductive reasoningRemembering conclusions we have inferred: what biases revealSyllogistic reasoning with probabilities and continuous truth valuesBelief bias and problem complexity in deductive reasoningBiases in children's conditional reasoningAre there biases in analogical reasoning?Pragmatic reasoning schemas for conditional promises: context and representationNon-logical solving of categorical syllogisms Response biases and context effectsResponse bias and contextual effects: When biased?Psychophysical approaches, contextual effects and response biasContext effects in face recognition: below response bias. The contribution of a simulationThe relative importance of facial expression and context information in emotion attributions - Biases, influence factors, and paradigmsfor determining the locus of context effects in judgment Biases relative to the categorization activitySocial biases in categorization processesCognitive biases in social categorization: process and consequences Biases in categorizationStudies on self-centered assimilation processesSpecificity and categorization in judgment: a cognitive approach to stereotypes Biases in probabilistic judgment. Biases in probabilistic judgment: a historical perspectiveAre two judges better than one? On the realism in confidence judgments by pairs and individualsUncertain memories: evaluating the competence of probabilistic cognitionTheories of bias in probability judgementOverconfidence in self-assessment of motor skill performanceBias in meta-memory performance and its implications for models of memory structure Biases and cognitive aidsCognitive aids and debiasing methods: Can cognitive pills cure cognitive ills?Confirmation bias, problem-solving and cognitive modelsA study of two biases in probabilistic judgments: Representativeness and equiprobability