Title IX

This book examines the history and evolution of Title IX, a landmark 1972 law prohibiting sex discrimination at educational institutions receiving federal funding. Elizabeth Kaufer Busch and William Thro illuminate the ways in which the interpretation and implementation of Title IX have been transformed over time to extend far beyond the law's relatively narrow statutory text. The analysis considers the impact of Title IX on athletics, sexual harassment, sexual assault, and, for a time, transgender discrimination. Combining legal and cultural perspectives and supported by primary documents, Title IX: The Transformation of Sex Discrimination in Education offers a balanced and insightful narrative of interest to anyone studying the history of sex discrimination, educational policy, and the law in the contemporary United States.

Elizabeth Kaufer Busch is Associate Professor and Director of American Studies at Christopher Newport University, and Founder and Co-Director of CNU's Center for American Studies. William E. Thro is the General Counsel of the University of Kentucky and former Solicitor General of Virginia.

Chapter 1: The Adoption of Title IX: A Ban on Sex Discrimination in Education Chapter 2: Title IX's Transformation into a mandate for Equal Representation in Athletics: The 1979 Three Part Test Chapter 3: The Expansion of Title IX Liability to Sexual Harassment: The 1997 Sexual Harassment Guidance Document Chapter 4: Title IX's Transformation Into A Mandate to Adjudicate Campus Sexual Assault: The 2011 Dear Colleague Letter. Chapter 5: The Politicization of Title IX Guidelines and its Implications