Four Seasons

This important contribution to imperial Chinese history illuminates the basic concerns of the Ming state. Eminent scholar John W. Dardess shows in fascinating detail how Emperor Jiajing and his grand secretaries managed affairs of state and how personal ambition and policy differences combined to animate imperial political life. At the top sat Jiajing, industrious, religious, knowledgeable, ritually pious, but short-tempered and cruel. His chief assistants during his forty-six-year reign were his four successive grand secretaries. First was Zhang Fujing, a hard-minded bureaucratic fighter and ideologue, life coach to Jiajing during his youth. Then came Xia Yan, a superb technocrat who was executed for his part in a major policy dispute. He was followed by Yan Song, a colossally corrupt machine politician who knew how to please his ruler. Finally was Xu Jie, a liberal-minded reformer who put a benign edge on the regime's final years. Drawing on a treasure trove of the grand secretaries' personal writings, his narrative brings to life the inner workings of imperial governance, providing detailed descriptions of the challenging problems and crises faced by the largest polity on the face of the earth. Richly researched and engagingly written, this book will be essential reading for scholars and students of Ming China.

John W. Dardess (1937-2020) was professor emeritus of history at the University of Kansas. His books include Ming China, 1368-1644: A Concise History of a Resilient Empire, Governing China, 150-1850, and A Political Life in Ming China: A Grand Secretary and His Times.

Introduction
Chapter 1: A Young Emperor Shows His Teeth
Chapter 2: Spring: Grand Secretary Zhang Fujing
Chapter 3: Summer: Grand Secretary Xia Yan
Chapter 4: Autumn: Grand Secretary Yan Song
Chapter 5: Winter: Grand Secretary Xu Jie
Cast of Principal Characters
Timeline
Bibliography
About the Author