Biochemistry of Copper

Copper has long been known as essential to living systems, in part through its fundamental role in electron transport and respiration. Over the years into the present, its involvement in an ever increasing number of processes in all kinds of organisms has become apparent, and new and exciting vistas of its roles in such areas as the central nervous system, and in humoral functions, are appearing on the horizon. Although the biochemistry of this element has not been studied nearly as much as that of many others, a for­ midable amount of work has been carried out. It has thus been a challenge to produce a summary of what has been found that provides both breadth and depth. My goal has been to try to be as comprehensive as possible, within some limitations. I have tried to provide basic information and basic data that should continue to be useful for a long time. The goal has also been to interpret where we currently stand in our knowledge of the structure, function, regulation, and metabolism of Cu-dependent processes and sub­ stances, especially proteins. Thus, I have tried to make this a source book for historic as well as current information on all aspects of copper bio­ chemistry, and a summary of our current knowledge of copper-dependent proteins and processes. Most of the research on copper has been carried out on vertebrates, especially mammals. This has played a role in the organization of the book.

1. Introduction and Overview of Copper as an Element Essential for Life.- 2. Absorption of Copper from the Digestive Tract.- 3. Copper Uptake by Nongastrointestinal Vertebrate Cells.- 4. Extracellular Copper Substituents and Mammalian Copper Transport.- 5. Excretion of Copper in the Mammal.- 6. Copper within Vertebrate Cells.- 7. Copper and Metabolic Regulation.- 8. Copper in Growth and Development.- 9. Copper and Disease.- 10. Copper in Nonvertebrate Organisms.- Appendix A: Copper Contents of Foods.- Appendix B: Copper Content of Human and Animal Tissues.- References.