Megacities

For the first time in history, the majority of the world's population lives in cities, the result of a rapid process of urbanization that started in the second half of the twentieth century. 'Megacities' around the world are rapidly becoming the scene for deprivation, especially in the global South, and the urban excluded face the brunt of what in many cases seems like low-intensity warfare.
Featuring case studies from across the globe, including Latin America, the Middle East and Africa, Megacities examines recent worldwide trends in poverty and social exclusion, urban violence and politics, and links these to the challenges faced by policy-makers and practitioners.

Kees Koonings is Associate Professor of Development Studies and Latin American Studies at the Faculty of Social Sciences of Utrecht University. He has published on development issues, ethnicity, the military, democracy and violence in Latin America. He has previously co-edited Societies of Fear (1999), Political Armies (2002), Armed Actors (2004) and Fractured Cities (2007). His current research interests include the armed conflict and peace processes in Colombia, and social mobilization and citizenship in Brazil.
Dirk Kruijt is Honorary Professor of Development Studies at the Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences of Utrecht University. He has published on social exclusion, poverty and Informalisation, military dictatorship, guerrilla movements, civil wars and ethnic conflicts, peace negotiations and post-war reconstruction. He has previously co-edited Societies of Fear (1999), Political Armies (2002), Armed Actors (2004) and Fractured Cities (2007) and published Guerrillas (2008) with Zed Books.

Acknowledgements
Introduction
1. The Rise of Megacities and the Urbanization of Informality, Exclusion and Violence - Dirk Kruijt & Kees Koonings
Part I: The Social Dynamics of Exclusion and Violence in Megacities
2. From Popular Movements to Drug Gangs to Militias: An Anatomy of Violence in Rio de Janeiro by Robert Gay
3. Megacity's Violence and its Consequences in Rio de Janeiro by Janice Perlman
4. Coping with Urban Violence: State and Community Responses to Crime and Insecurity in Guayaquil, Ecuador by Caroline Moser
5. Middle Eastern Megacities: Social Exclusion, Popular Movements and the Quiet Encroachment of the Urban Poor by Asef Bayat
Part II: Political and Policy Dimensions of Urban Exclusion and Violence
6. Urban Governance and the Paradox of Conflict by Jo Beall
7. Shoot the Citizen, Save the Customer: Participatory Budgeting and Bare Citizenship in Porto Alegre, Brazil by Sérgio Gregório Baierle
8. Crisis of the State, Violence in the City by Mariano Aguirre
9. Urban Exclusion and the (False) Assumptions of Spatial Policy Reform in South Africa by Susan Parnell and Owen Crankshaw
Conclusions: Governing Exclusion and Violence in Megacities by Kees Koonings & Dirk Kruijt