Practices of Projection

To many, the technological aspects of projection often go unnoticed, only brought to attention during moments of crisis or malfunction. For example, when a movie theater projector falters, the audience suddenly looks toward the back of the theater to see a sign of mechanical failure. The history of cinema similarly shows that the attention to projection has been most focused when the whole medium is hanging in suspension. During Hollywood's economic consolidation in the '30s, projection defined the ways that sync-sound technologies could be deployed within the medium. Most recently, the digitization of cinema repeated this process as technology was reworked to facilitate mobility. These examples show how projection continually speaks to the rearrangement of media technology. Projection therefore needs to be examined as a pivotal element in the future of visual media's technological transition.
In Practices of Projection: Histories and Technologies, volume editors Gabriel Menotti and Virginia Crisp address the cultural and technological significance of projection. Throughout the volume, chapters reiterate that projection cannot, and must not, be reduced to its cinematic functions alone. Borrowing media theorist Siegfried Zielinksi's definition, Menotti and Crisp refer to projection as the "heterogeneous array of artefacts, technical systems, and particularly visual praxes of experimentation and of culture." From this, readers can understand the performative character of the moving image and the labor of the different actors involved in the utterance of the film text. Projection is not the same everywhere, nor equal all the time. Its systems are in permanent interaction with environmental circumstances, neighboring structures, local cultures, and social economies. Thus the idea of projection as a universal, fully autonomous operation cannot hold. Each occurrence of projection adds nuance to a wider understanding of film screening technologies.

Virginia Crisp is Lecturer in Cultural and Creative Industries at King's College, London. She is the author of Pirates and Professionals: Film Distribution in the Digital Age (2015, Palgrave) and co-editor (with Gabriel Menotti Gonring) of Besides the Screen: Moving Images through Distribution, Promotion and Curation (2015, Palgrave).
Gabriel Menotti is Lecturer in Film Editing and Multimedia at the Federal University of Espírito Santo, Brazil. He operates as an independent curator engaged with different forms of cinema and unstable media, having presented his work in venues such as the São Paulo Biennial, Centre Pompidou, Videobrasil, and Transmediale. Menotti writes and edits publications on image and technology. His latest book is Movie Circuits: Curatorial Approaches to Cinema Technology. Together with Virginia Crisp, he coordinates the Besides the Screen network.

- 1. Situating Projection
- Gabriel Menotti Gonring and Virginia Crisp
- Part 1. PROJECTION HISTORIES and GEOGRAPHIES
- 2. A New 'Wild West' of Projection?
- Michael Pigott and Richard Wallace
- 3. The craft of the rural cinema operator: improvised exhibition and the Highlands and Islands Film Guild, Scotland (1946-71)
- Ian Goode
- 4. Solar Powered Cinema and Sustainable Projections
- Stefania Haritou
- 5. Film Projection and the Sacred Geography of Site-Specific Cinema in Contemporary Thailand
- Richard MacDonald
- Part 2. PROJECTION ELEMENTS and TECHNOLOGIES
- 6. Six (or seven) ways of looking at a magic lantern slide
- Richard Crangle
- 7. Between Copyright and Creativity: Edison's Kinetoscope and Technological Innovations in Optical Printing
- Amanda Egbe
- 8. '...It's all just a little bit of History repeating': Slide-tape's key works in the UK since the 1970s
- Mo White AKA Dr. Mary C White
- 9. Summoning the Ghosts of Early Cinema and Victorian Entertainment: Kate Moss and "Savage Beauty" at the VandA Museum
- Su-Anne Yeo
- 10. Researching virtual, augmented and mixed realities, or how the Elastic 3D Spaces project emerged from an outdoor projection event
- Anthony Head and Leila Sujir
- 11. They'll take whatever you feed them - reflections on projection in live audiovisual performance
- Cornelia Lund
- Part 3. PROJECTION AS KNOWLEDGE and INTERPRETATION
- 12. CASTING - investigation of projection mapping's spatiality in a continuum of projected moving-image art
- Yiyun Kang
- 13. Projection between exhibition and information: experimental and artists' film at Sonsbeek 71
- Adeena Mey
- 14. Bark and Butterflies: Projection, Post-Memory and Phantasmagoria
- Adrian Palka
- 15. Imagistic Projection as Relational Becoming
- Andréia Machado Oliveira and Felix Rebolledo Palazuelos