Emission Tomography

PET and SPECT are two of today's most important medical-imaging methods, providing images that reveal subtle information about physiological processes in humans and animals. Emission Tomography: The Fundamentals of PET and SPECT explains the physics and engineering principles of these important functional-imaging methods. The technology of emission tomography is covered in detail, including historical origins, scientific and mathematical foundations, imaging systems and their components, image reconstruction and analysis, simulation techniques, and clinical and laboratory applications. The book describes the state of the art of emission tomography, including all facets of conventional SPECT and PET, as well as contemporary topics such as iterative image reconstruction, small-animal imaging, and PET/CT systems. This book is intended as a textbook and reference resource for graduate students, researchers, medical physicists, biomedical engineers, and professional engineers and physicists in the medical-imaging industry. Thorough tutorials of fundamental and advanced topics are presented by dozens of the leading researchers in PET and SPECT. SPECT has long been a mainstay of clinical imaging, and PET is now one of the world's fastest growing medical imaging techniques, owing to its dramatic contributions to cancer imaging and other applications. Emission Tomography: The Fundamentals of PET and SPECT is an essential resource for understanding the technology of SPECT and PET, the most widely used forms of molecular imaging.*Contains thorough tutorial treatments, coupled with coverage of advanced topics*Three of the four holders of the prestigious Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Medical Imaging Scientist Award are chapter contributors*Include color artwork

ContributorsForewordPrefaceAcknowledgments1. Imaging Science Bringing the Invisible to Light I. Preamble II. Introduction III. Imaging Science IV. Fundamental and Generic Issues of Imaging Science V. Methodology and Epistemology VI. A View of the Future2. Introduction to Emission Tomography I. What is Emission Tomography? A. The Tracer Principle B. Tomography II. The Making of an Emission Tomography Image A. Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography B. Positron Emission Tomography C. Image Reconstruction D. Image Analysis III. Types of Data Acquisition: Static, Dynamic, Gated, and List Mode IV. Cross-Sectional Images V. Radiopharmaceuticals and Their Applications VI. Developments in Emission Tomography3. Evolution of Clinical Emission Tomography I. Introduction II. The Beginnings of Nuclear Medicine A. Developments Before 1945 B. The Next 25 Years (1945-1970) III. Early Imaging Devices A. Early Scanning Imagers B. Early Devices Based on Gamma Cameras C. Early Dedicated Positron-Emission Imagers IV. Evolution of Emission Tomography and Initial Applications A. Anger Camera Developments B. Radiopharmaceutical Targeting Agents C. Early Theoretical Developments V. Clinical Applications A. Brain Imaging B. Thyroid Imaging and Therapy C. Parathyroid Disease D. Cardiac Imaging E. Lung Imaging F. Kidney Imaging G. Bone Imaging H. Reticuloendothelial System Imaging I. Pancreas Imaging J. Tumor Imaging K. Molecular Biology Applications VI. Summary4. Basic Physics of Radioisotope Imaging I. Where Do the Nuclear Emissions Used in Imaging Come From? A. Nuclear Constituents B. Nuclear Forces and Binding Energy C. Nuclear Energy Levels D. Nuclear De-excitation E. Nuclear Stability F. Nuclear Transmutation G. Nuclear Decay Probability II. Relevant Modes of Nuclear Decay for Medical Radionuclide Imaging A. Isomeric Transitions: Gamma-Ray Emission B. Isobaric Transitions: Beta (ß) Emission III. Production of Radionuclides for Imaging A. The Nuclear Reactor B. The Nuclear Generator C. The Cyclotron IV. Interactions of Nuclear Emissions in Matter A. Interactions of Electrons and Positrons in Matter B. Interactions of High-Energy Photons in Matter V. Exploiting Radiation Interactions in Matter for Emission Imaging A. Statistics of Ionization Production B. Detector and Position-Sensitive Detector Basics VI. Physical Factors That Determine the Fundamental Spatial Resolution Limit in Nuclear Emission Imaging A. Overview of Physical Factors That Affect Emission Imaging Performance B. What Is the Fundamental Spatial Resolution Limit in Radioisotope Imaging?5. Radiopharmaceuticals for Imaging the Brain I. Introduction II. Biochemical Processes in the Brain III. New Radiopharmaceutical Development A. Steps in Radiopharmaceutical Development B. Criteria for Pharmaceuticals Used for In Vivo Receptor Imaging IV. Neuroscience Studies A. Dopaminergic System B. Cholinergic System C. Serotonergic System D. Other Systems V. Applications of Imaging Studies: Dopamine System A. Distribution of Receptors, Transporters, and Enzymes B. Distribution and Pharmacokinetics of Radiolabeled Drugs C. Receptor Occupancy of Therapeutic Drugs D. Integrity of the Presynapse E. Alterations in the Levels of Endogenous Ligand Dopamine F. Study of Substance Abuse Drugs G. Interactions with Other Neurotransmitter Systems H.