Principles of Desalination

Principles of Desalination focuses on the principles of the developing technology of large-scale desalting. This book presents the principal desalting methods and explores the process of hyperfiltration or reverse osmosis. Comprised of 11 chapters, this book starts with an overview of the water use and the problem of a potential water shortage. This text then discusses the fundamentals of the major desalting methods in use and explores the basic scientific and design principles that underlie the methods. Other chapters consider the method of vapor reheat distillation, which incorporates the liquid-liquid heat exchange principle. This book discusses as well the various aspects of ion exchange and explores the mechanisms in dual-purpose plants producing both distilled water and steam-turbine raised power. The final chapter considers the cost of conventional water supplies. This book is a valuable resource for technologists and scientists. Students in the graduate courses of engineering will also find this book useful.

List of ContributorsPrefaceChapter 1. Desalination Research and Water Resources I. The Water Problem II. Nature of Water and Its Solutions III. Current Technology of Desalination ReferencesChapter 2. Thermoeconomic Considerations of Sea Water Demineralization I. Introduction II. Exergy Balances III. Combining Exergy and Cost Balances IV. Conclusions Appendix A. Basic Relationships among Entropy, Exergy, Energy, and Availability Appendix B. On the Use of the General Exergy Balance Appendix C. Minimization of the Nonlinear Cost Equation List of Symbols ReferencesChapter 3. Distillation I. General System Engineering of Distillation Plant II. Internal System Engineering of Distillation Plant List of Symbols UnitsChapter 4. Vapor Reheat Distillation I. Introduction II. Structural Features of Flash Chambers and Condensers III. Liquid-Liquid Heat Exchangers IV. Economics of the Vapor Reheat Process List of Symbols ReferencesChapter 5. Solar Distillation I. Introduction II. Principles of Direct Solar Distillation III. Design and Construction of Direct Solar Stills IV. Performance of Direct Solar Stills V. Economic Aspects of Direct Solar Distillation VI. Indirect Solar Desalination VII. Summary List of Symbols ReferencesChapter 6. Electrodialysis I. Introduction II. Membrane III. Theory of Selective Transport across Ion Exchange Membranes IV. Practical Considerations V. Process and Equipment Design VI. Development of Performance Equations VII. Process Economics List of Symbols ReferencesChapter 7. Freezing Methods I. Introduction II. Theory of Crystallization III. Theory of Separation and Wash IV. Description of Basic Freezing Processes V. Detailed Analysis and Description of Direct-Refrigeration Vacuum Freezing-Vapor Compression System VI. Desalting with Hydrates ReferencesChapter 8. Hyperfiltration (Reverse Osmosis) I. Introduction II. Historical Background III. Conceptual Design IV. Energy Requirements V. Thermodynamic Relations VI. Transport Relations and Mechanism of Salt Rejection VII. Membranes VIII. Concentration Polarization IX. Equipment X. Economic Considerations List of Symbols ReferencesChapter 9. Preparation of Ultrapure Water I. Introduction II. Impurities in Water Supplies III. Ultrapure-Water-Treatment Processes IV. Industries Requiring Ultrapure Water V. Storage of Ultrapure Water - Materials of Construction VI. Analytical and Control Tools VII. Materials Used in Preparation of Ultrapure Water VIII. Re-Use of Water and Waste Treatment IX. Cost Calculation X. Future Trends ReferencesChapter 10. Scale Formation and Prevention I. Significance of Scale II. Solubility and Supersaturation III. Nucleation and Contact Time IV. Nucleation Sites V. Scale-Prevention Techniques ReferencesChapter 11. The Cost of Conventional Water Supply I. Introduction II. The Components of Conventional and Conversion Supplies III. The Concept of Synthesized Costs IV. Cost of Impoundment V. Cost of Conveyance VI. Cost of Treatment VII. Cost of Intake VIII. Illustrative Conventional-Supply Costs List of Symbols BibliographyAuthor IndexSubject Index