External Mission

Nelson Mandela's release from prison in February 1990 was one of the most memorable moments of recent decades. It came a few days after the removal of the ban on the African National Congress; founded a century ago and outlawed in 1960, it had transferred its headquarters abroad and opened what it termed an External Mission. For the thirty years following its banning, the ANC had fought relentlessly against the apartheid state. Finally voted into office in 1994, the ANC today regards its armed struggle as the central plank of its legitimacy. External Mission is the first study of the ANC's period in exile, based on a full range of sources in southern Africa and Europe. These include the ANC's own archives and also those of the Stasi, the East German ministry that trained the ANC's security personnel. It reveals that the decision to create the Umkhonto we Sizwe (Spear of the Nation) -- guerrilla army which later became the ANC's armed wing -- as made not by the ANC but by its allies in the South African Communist Party after negotiations with Chinese leader Mao Zedong. In this impressive work, Ellis shows that many of the strategic decisions made, and many of the political issues that arose during the course of that protracted armed struggle, had a lasting effect on South Africa, shaping its society even up to the present day.

Stephen Ellis is the author of groundbreaking books on the ANC, the Liberian Civil War, religion and politics in Africa, and the history of Madagascar. He is Professor of Social Sciences at the Free University, Amsterdam.

Chapter One Call to Arms Resisting apartheid Securing a mandate The formation of Umkhonto we Sizwe Preparing for war Rivonia
Chapter Two The External Mission Taking stock Kongwa Security networks The Rhodesian campaign The Hani memorandum
Chapter Three The Party Triumphant Morogoro The struggle continues Dissidents Factionalism The frontline emerges
Chapter Four New Strategies The ANC's strategy review Pretoria's total strategy Sanctions
Chapter Five The Grinding Stone Security, bureaucracy, ideology Corruption Shishita Mkatashinga Infiltration
Chapter Six War Among the People The township risings Kabwe The new international context Operation Vula The security question
Chapter Seven Homecoming Towards civil war Crooks and spooks Unbanning: the war's climax Reconciliation of a special type
Chapter Eight Perspectives Waging war Interpreting the past Explanations Appendix: A Note on Method