Rights

We take rights to be fundamental to everyday life. Rights are also controversial and hotly debated both in theory and practice. Where do rights come from? Are they invented or discovered? What sort of rights are there and who is entitled to them? In this comprehensive introduction, Tom Campbell introduces and critically examines the key philosophical debates about rights. The first part of the book covers historical and contemporary theories of rights, including the origin and variety of rights and standard justifications of them. He considers challenges to rights from philosophers such as Bentham, Burke and Marx. He also examines different theories of rights, such as natural law, social contract, utilitarian and communitarian theories of rights and the philosophers and political theorists associated with them, such as John Stuart Mill, John Rawls, Robert Nozick and Michael Sandel. The second part of the book explores the role of rights-promoting institutions and critically assesses legal rights and international human rights, including the United Nations. The final part of the book examines how philosophies of rights can be applied to freedom of speech, issues of social welfare and the question of self-determination for certain groups or peoples. Rights: A Critical Introduction is essential reading for anyone new to the subject of rights and any student of political philosophy, politics and law.

Tom Campbell is Professorial Fellow at the Centre for Applied Philosophy and Public Ethics, Charles Sturt University, Canberra. He is the author of Seven Theories of Human Society and Justice.

Part 1: The Discourses of Rights 1. The Reputation of Rights. Historical Ups and Downs. Four Critiques of Rights. Preserving the Reputation of Rights. Varieties of Rights. Right and Rights. Rights and Rules. A Typology of Rights. Human Rights. The Rights Approach. Conclusion 2. Theories of Rights. Will or Interests? Who Can Have Rights? What Right do They Have? What Rights Ought They to Have? Conclusion 3. Political Ideologies and Their Rights. Rawls and the Social Contract. Libertarian Responses and Republican Compromises. Communitarians, Left and Right. Feminism and Rights. Conclusion Part 2: The Institutions of Rights 4. Legal Rights. Rights and Remedies. Formal Rule of Law. Substantive Rule of Law. Bills of Rights. Conclusion. International Human Rights. International Courts. Human Rights Intervention. Cultural Diversity. Conclusion 5. Rights and Civil Society. Civil Society. Economic Entities and Human Rights. Sphere-Specific Rights. Conclusion Part 3: Three Human Rights 6. Freedom of Speech. Free Speech Rationales. Critiques. Implications and Institutions. Conclusion 7. Sustenance. Economic and Social Rights. Institutionalizing a Right to Sustenance. Justice or Humanity. Conclusion 8. Self-Determination. Collective Rights. Collective Self-Determination. Varieties of Self-Determination. Answering the Critics Part 4: A Theory of Rights 9. Democratic Positivism. The Positivism. The Democracy. The Critiques. The Questions. Conclusion