Shaping Nations and Markets

Shaping Nations and Markets employs a mixed methods approach to contend that economic ideas, organization of domestic interests and their economic power, asymmetries of information, and political institutions do not sufficiently explain the formation of national interests in processes of trade liberalization. The author proposes that something is missing-identity capital-which also empowers economic sectors that share either liberalizing or protectionist interests. Identity capital is an economic sector's contribution to the stability of a national identity narrative; it correlates with the degree to which the workforce of any sector represents the dominant conception of national identity. Identity capital creates political power asymmetries among those sectors and impacts the formation of populist movements in both developed and developing states. This book offers a theoretical framework to unpack national identity, trade liberalization, nationalist-populism, domestic politics, and globalization. The author argues that the key for identifying whether liberalizing or protectionist coalitions prevail in trade negotiations is identity capital. He offers a comparison of the three largest contemporary, federal, multicultural democracies: Brazil, India, and the United States, from the Doha Development Round of the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 2001, to the rise of populism in these countries in recent years. This book will be of great interest to graduate students and scholars of international relations, international studies, political science, comparative politics, and economic sociology.

Vinícius Guilherme Rodrigues Vieira is an Associate Professor at the Armando Alvares Penteado Foundation (FAAP), Brazil; a Lecturer at the Getúlio Vargas Foundation (FGV), Brazil; and a Research Associate at the Institute for Advanced Study at the University of São Paulo, Brazil. He has served as the co-chair of the research committee on International Political Economy of the International Political Science Association (IPSA) since 2023.

1. Introduction: Beyond Ideas, Interests, and Institutions 2. Identity Capital and Fields: Framing Markets and Political Power 3. Applying Identity Capital to Trade Negotiations 4. Globalization Meets National Identity during the Doha Round 5. Race and Structural Power Asymmetries in Liberalizing Brazil 6. Religion as an Instrument for Trade Policy in India 7. Whiteness and the Rise of Protectionism in the United States 8. Identity Capital and the Rise of Far-Right Populism after 2008 9. Generalizing Identity Capital for Explaining Trade and Populism 10. Conclusion: Fields of Power, Identity, and Intermestic Phenomena