The Minimum Dwelling Revisited

This book provides an intellectual history of the modernist "minimum dwelling", exploring how early modernism saw mass housing as a primary vehicle for achieving the utopian transformation of society. It reappraises the often-overlooked 2nd and 3rd CIAM conferences (1929-31), addressing their engagement with the "minimum dwelling" and revealing them both as milestones in the organisation's annals and as seminal moments in the history of interwar modernism. In 1929, an eclectic international group of avant-garde modernist architects, including Ernst May, Mart Stam, Walter Gropius and Le Corbusier, met in Frankfurt for the second instalment of the CIAM conferences. They discussed a design programme for cost-effective, good-quality housing, seeking new approaches and processes to maximize quality and functionality while ensuring affordability for the wider population. In exploring the meaning and form of the 'minimum dwelling', they also re-defined dwelling as the hub of a new way of living, proposing a revolutionary multi-scalar approach to urban design based on the concept of the Existenzminimum ('optimally minimal housing'). Despite the two conferences falling short of the organizer's expectations, and being overshadowed by later instalments, the participating architects sanctioned a semantic shift from minimum as bare necessity to a very different, aspirational, kind of minimalism - transforming the entire conversation on mass low-cost dwelling in design, social and ethical terms. Split into two parts, The Minimum Dwelling Revisited first takes a genealogical approach to explore the provenance of the concept of "minimum dwelling" prior to the 2nd and 3rd CIAM conferences, it then traces the proceedings of the two conferences themselves. Addressing the origins of the "minimum dwelling" concept but also its legacies, and serving as a corrective to the overemphasis on 4th CIAM conference and the Athens Charter, the book is essential reading for scholars researching urban design during the Interwar period.

Aristotle Kallis is Professor of Modern and Contemporary History at the School of Humanities, Keele University, UK.

List of Illustrations Acknowledgments Abbreviations Introduction 'Contact Zone' and 'Practical Utopia' Structure 1. Genealogies of the Minimum Poverty, 'Human Needs', and 'Minimum' Habitation and 'Minimum Needs' Early Interventions and Reform Initiatives Existenzminimum The Low-cost Housing Calculus 2. The 'Small Dwelling' Between Emergency and Aspiration Size and Dwelling The 'Small Dwelling' after WW1 From the 'Small' to the 'Smallest' Dwelling (Kleinstwohnung) The Pioneering Cases of Vienna and Frankfurt 3. International Expert Networks and The Housing Question in the Interwar Period The IFHTP Encounters the Question of Mass Housing: Vienna, 1926 The IFHTP Congress in Paris, 1928: The Trope of the 'Housing For the Very Poor' The IFHTP Congress in Rome, 1929: Planning and Financing Mass Urban Housing 4. The 'Minimum Dwelling' as Utopia WW1 as Rupture: The Space of Utopia Interwar Modernism as Discourse: Minimum and Optimum Architecture as Revolution The Private Cell, The Public Sphere, and What Lies In-Between The Soviet Experience: Pursuing the Minimum in Utopia The 'Dwelling Ration': Social Utopia in Disguise 'Frictionless Living': The Studies of Alexander Klein 5. CIAM2: The 'Minimum Dwelling' In Focus CIAM and its 'Lesser' Congresses CIAM's First Steps and the Question of Dwelling Setting Up the First 'Working Congress' The 1929 Frankfurt Congress (CIAM2) Language Matters: The Opacity of the Existenzminimum The Aftermath of the Frankfurt Congress 6. CIAM3: Dwelling as the Unlikely Hub og Modern Architecture From CIAM2 to CIAM3: Exploring Scales in Three-Dimensional Space The Elusive Theme(s) of CIAM3: The Battle of the Scales The Brussels Congress The 'Minimum Dwelling' in CIAM3 7. The CIAM2 and CIAM3 Exhibitions The Exhibition Field in Interwar Europe: Showcasing the 'Minimum' The Minimum Dwelling on Show: Exhibiting CIAM2 Exhibiting CIAM3 Conclusions Bibliography Index