Teaching Social Studies to English Language Learners

This fully updated new edition provides readers with a comprehensive understanding of the challenges that English language learners (ELLs), also known as English Learners (ELs), face, as well as the ways in which educators might address them in the social studies classroom. The authors offer context-specific strategies for the full range of the social studies curriculum, including geography, U.S. history, world history, economics, and government. These practical instructional strategies will effectively engage learners and can be incorporated as a regular part of instruction in any classroom. Features of this fully updated new edition include: · An updated and streamlined introduction, which provides an essential overview of ELL theory in a social studies-specific context; · "Teaching Tips" that offer helpful suggestions and ideas for creating and modifying lesson plans to be inclusive of English Learners; · Practical examples and pedagogical elements in Part 3, which include more visuals, suggestions for harnessing new technologies, discussion questions, and reflection points; and · Useful lists of online and print resources for teachers and students. Teaching Social Studies to English Language Learners is a valuable reference to help pre- and in-service social studies educators meet the challenges of including all learners in effective instruction.

Bárbara C. Cruz is Professor of Social Science Education at the University of South Florida, USA. Stephen J. Thornton is Emeritus Professor of Social Science Education at the University of South Florida, USA.

List of Figures List of Tables Acknowledgements Introduction PART I - English Learners 1.1 - Orientation Key Judicial Decisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Rise of Mainstreaming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 - Not All ELs and Families Are the Same Stages of Cultural Adjustment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cultural Practices at School . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Effective Home-School Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ideas: On Fostering Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ideas: On Fostering Approachability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ideas: On Achieving Good Follow-Through . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Summary 1.3. - English Learners with Exceptionalities Pedagogic and Programmatic Models Teacher Approaches. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gifted EL Students. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4 - The Process of English Language Learning in the Social Studies Classroom and What to Expect Introduction Stages of Language Development Principles for Creating Effective Language Learning Environments Constructing a Curriculum with Language Needs in Mind. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Language Learning in the Social Studies Classroom. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PART II - Social Studies Teaching and Learning 2.1 - Principles of Social Studies Teaching and Learning Elements of an Instructional Program. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Social Studies and the Common Core Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Study Skills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Intellectual Skills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Conclusion 2.2 - Social Studies-Focused EL Scholarship The Classroom Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Content-Centered Language Instruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Best Language Practice in Social Studies Instruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Discussion and Questioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Discovery and Exploration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Language Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sheltered Instruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Individualized and Differentiated Instruction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Technology-Based Instruction and Learning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cooperative Learning Skills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bilingual Education and Translanguaging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Culturally Responsive Pedagogy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Importance of Reflective Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Promising Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Summary 2.3 - Pathways for Enacting the Social Studies Curriculum Textbooks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Visual Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Graphic Organizers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Alternative "Texts" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Demonstrations and Total Physical Response. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Role Playing and Simulations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Assessment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Some final reminders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PART III - Teaching Social Studies 3.1 - Introduction 3.2 - Geography Looking into Classrooms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kinesthetic Learning and Stratified Questioning: The Concept of Scale (Levels 1-4) . . . . . . . Kinesthetic Learning and Visual Aids: Africa: Physical Geography and Population Distribution (Levels 3 and 4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-W-L-Q-H, Visual Aids, Guided Imagery, and Stratified Questioning: Women's Work in Southern India (Levels 2-4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Discovery Exercise Using Visual Aids and Stratified Questioning: Adaptation to the Environment: Place Where Native Americans Lived (Levels 1-4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Discussion Dyads, Vocabulary Development, Map Interpretation: Sharing the Colorado River (Levels 2-4) . . . . . . . 3.3 - U.S. History Looking into Classrooms . . . . . . . . . . . . . Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . Visual Aids, Stratified Questioning: Lewis and Clark Expedition (Levels 1-4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dioramas, Kinesthetic Learning, and Cooperative Learning: Lewis and Clark Activity 3: Creating a Diorama (Levels 1-4). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Political Cartoon, Critical Analysis, Questioning and Discussion: Immigration in U.S. History (Levels 1-4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . Timelines and Stratified Questioning Strategy: Woodrow Wilson (Levels 1-4) . . . . . . . . . . . Modified Text, Visual Aids, Picture Books, Stratified Questioning, and Music: Women in WWII (Levels 1-4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Visual Aids, Role Playing, Guided Reading, and Stratified Questioning: Japanese Americans During WWII (Levels 1-4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Eisenhower's Military-Industrial Complex Speech, 1961: Simplifying Text and Role Playing (Levels 3 and 4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4 - World History Looking into Classrooms . . . . . . . . . . . . . Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . Culturally Sensitive Pedagogy, Visual Aids, Stratified Questioning, and Research Skills: World Origins of Our Class (Levels 1-4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Visual Aids, Guided Observation, Word Wall, and Stratified Questioning: The Agricultural Revolution (Levels 1 and 2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Realia, Word Wall, and Visual Aids: The Renaissance (Levels 1-4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Visual Aids and Primary Source Documents: Cultural Encounter and Exploration (Levels 3 and 4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Simplified Text and Concept Map: The Enlightenment (Levels 2-4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Visual Aids, Stratified Questioning, and Guided Discussion: The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain (Levels 1-4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Role Playing and Cooperative Learning: Factory Life in Twentieth Century Mexico (Levels 2-4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.5 - Government and Civics Looking into Classrooms . . . . . . . . . . . . . Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . Graphic Organizers and Visuals: The Duties, Responsibilities, and Rights of United States Citizens (Levels 1 and 2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Using Peer Teaching, Translanguaging, and Visual Aids: Political Cartoons (Levels 2-4) . . . . . . Teaching with Primary Sources: National Heritage Documents (Levels 2-4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Using Bilingual Dictionaries and Graphic Organizers: Voting Rights (Levels 3 and 4). . . . . . Supporting Language Development by Simplifying Complex Text and Using Visual Aids: Women's Suffrage (Levels 3 and 4). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Visual Aids and Graphic Organizers: Executive Powers (Levels 1-4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Federal Budget: Where Should the Government's Money Go? 3.6 - Economics Looking into Classrooms . . . . . . . . . . . . . Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . Simplified Text, Visuals, and Foldables: Developing Key Vocabulary (Levels 1 and 2) . . . . . . . . Visual Aids, Realia, Expressive Demonstration, and Stratified Questioning Strategy: Goods, Services, Needs, and Wants (Levels 1-4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cooperative Learning: Setting Priorities and Making Choices: Personal Budgeting. (Levels 3 and 4) . . . . . . . . Graphic Organizers and Cooperative Learning: Consumer Credit and Debt (Levels 2-4) . . . . Visual Aids and Stratified Questioning Strategy: Advertising (Levels 1-4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.7 - Behavioral Sciences: Sociology, Anthropology, and Psychology Looking into Classrooms . . . . . . . . . . . . . Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cooperative Learning, Drawing, and Visual Aids: Perspective Consciousness through Mental Cartography (Levels 1-4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Visuals, Graphic Organizers, Artifacts, and Modified Assessment: Religions of the World (Levels 1 and 2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Visual Aids, Realia, Object-Based Learning: Archaeological Artifacts (Levels 1 and 2). . . . . . Guided Visual Analysis, Graphic Organizers, and Cooperative Learning: Social Institutions and Elements of Culture (Levels 1-4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Alternative Assessments: Sociology: Surveys and Opinion Polls (Levels 2-4) Visual Art, Graphic Organizer, and Effective Closure: Psychology: Identity Formation (Levels 1-4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.8 - Social Issues in the Social Studies Classroom Looking into Classrooms . . . . . . . . . . . . . Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cooperative Learning, Kinesthetic Activities, and Stratified Questioning Strategy: The Paper Chase (Levels 1-4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Using Technology, Audio-Visual Materials, and Cooperative Learning: Contemporary Social Issues at Home and Abroad (Levels 2-4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kinesthetic Learning and Critical Thinking: Taking a Stand (Levels 2-4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Infographics, Critical thinking, and Discussion: World Population Trends (Levels 3 and 4) . . . . . Critical Visual Analysis, Student Research, and Discussion: Social Media and Hashtag Activism (Levels 1-4) . . . . . . . . . . Index