Principles of Training

Principles of Training provides insight into the different variables presented by training tasks. It presents a wide sample of experimental data to reveal to the intending practitioner of training-whether in industry, in sport, in the defense services or other fields-that awareness of experimental findings must be paralleled by competence in analyzing tasks in order to determine how and where any particular principles may reasonably be applied. The book begins with an introductory chapter on the evaluation of training, experiments on training, limitations of training, and training problems. This is followed by separate chapters that discuss how trainers can influence the course of learning by manipulating knowledge of results; methods for minimizing errors in early learning; visual training methods; the use of words and actions in training; and the importance of practice in learning. Subsequent chapters cover the transfer of training; automatic teaching, or ""programmed instruction""; and recommendations for trainers.

Editor's Foreword1. Introduction Evaluation of Training Experiments on Training Limitations of Training Training Problems Types of Task Skilled Behavior2. Knowledge of Results Removing Feedback Action and Learning Feedback Information and Incentive A Classification Intrinsic or Artificial Concurrent or Terminal Immediate or Delayed Verbal or Non-Verbal Separate or Accumulated Summary3. Guidance Restricting Alternatives Types of Guidance Animal Work Human Maze Learning Mazes and Forced-Response Adjustive Skills Graded Movements Knowledge of Alternatives Summary4. Visual Methods Visual Guidance Changes in Display Visual Magnification Imitation Static Visual Aids Moving Films Summary5. Words and Actions Verbal and Motor Learning Verbal and Motor Behavior Instructions Pre-differentiation Verbal Pre-training Verbal Guidance and Hints Summary6. Practice Learning Curves Speed and Accuracy Part and Whole Methods Progression Massed and Spaced Practice Residual Effects Mental Practice Summary7. Transfer of Training Sameness and Difference Relations between Tasks Negative Transfer Long-Term Effects Task Difficulty Transfer of Principles Summary8. Programmed Learning Teaching Machines Motor Learning Linear Programs Program Characteristics Branching Programs Comparison of Methods Evaluation Summary9. Recommendations General Specific Further ReadingReferences and Author IndexSubject Index