Infancy

This comprehensive, accessible, market-leading infant development (prenatal-age 3) core text for infant and early childhood development weaves together research, theory, and current issues of diversity of culture for students seeking to engage in the lives of our youngest children with understanding and compassion.

Dana Gross, Professor Psychology at St. Olaf College, has been a member of the faculty there since 1988. Dr. Gross received her BA in psychology from Smith College and her PhD in child psychology from the Institute of Child Development at the University of Minnesota. She has coauthored and contributed to textbooks in developmental psychology as well as books about the development of students and faculty in study abroad/study away programs.

Acknowledgments Preface Chapter 1: Beliefs about Babies: Historical Perspectives on Children and Childhood Chapter Overview Why Do We Study Infants? Development as Transformation Impact of Early Experience Research Methods and Tools Interdisciplinary Collaboration Recurring Themes in the Study of Child Development The Path of Development: Stages versus Continuous Change Heredity and the Environment Active or Passive Development? Typical and Atypical Development Culture and Context in Historical Perspective Box 1.1. Studying Children and Childhood with a Historical LensHistorical Perspectives on Infancy and Early Childhood Historical Studies of Children and Childhood Views of Children Family Life The Development of the Field of Child Development Child Development Research, Theory, and Practice G. Stanley Hall Maria Montessori John Watson Arnold Gesell Anna Freud Margaret Mahler Myrtle McGraw John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth Child Development Organizations Wrapping It Up: Summary and Conclusion | Think About It: Questions for Reading and Discussion | Key Words Chapter 2: Research Methods Chapter Overview Issues in Research with Infants Box 2.1. Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion in Infant ResearchEthical Concerns Behavioral State Box 2.2. Online Data Collection from Babies at HomeInference and Interpretation Research Settings Naturalistic Studies Laboratory Studies Research Designs Case Studies and Single-Subject Research Quasi-Experimental Studies Experimental Studies Research Designs for Studying Development Longitudinal Research Cross-Sectional Research Microgenetic Research Research Measures Psychophysiological Responses Parental Reports Wrapping It Up : Summary and Conclusion | Think About It: Questions for Reading and Discussion | Key Words Chapter 3: Genetics, Conception, and Prenatal Development Chapter Overview Genetics and the Human Genome Genetic Diseases and Disorders Genetics and Prenatal Development Conception Sex Chromosome Abnormalities Twins and Other Multiples Infertility and Assisted Reproduction Prenatal Development Box 3.1. Overview of the Stages of Prenatal DevelopmentThe Germinal Stage, Fertilization to Two Weeks The Embryonic Stage, Two to Eight Weeks The Fetal Stage, Eight Weeks to Birth (38 Weeks) Congenital Anomalies Box 3.2. Prenatal Effects of the Zika VirusNeural Tube Defects Congenital Heart Defects Prenatal Screening, Diagnosis, and Treatment Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD) Ultrasound Maternal Blood Screening Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS) Amniocentesis Fetal Echocardiography Fetal Therapy Prenatal Influences Nutrition Alcohol and Drugs Disease Stress Environmental Hazards Paternal Influences Wrapping It Up: Summary and Conclusion | Think About It: Questions for Reading and Discussion | Key Words Chapter 4: Birth and the Newborn Chapter Overview The Birth Process: Stages of Childbirth The First Stage: Contractions, Dilatation, and Effacement The Second Stage: Delivery of the Infant The Third Stage: Placental Expulsion Complications of Childbirth Box 4.1. Standards for Improving Quality of Maternal and Newborn Care in Health FacilitiesFailure to Progress Breech Presentation Preterm Birth Box 4.2. Technologies and Procedures in the Neonatal Intensive Care UnitLow Birthweight Post-Term Birth Twins and Other Multiple Births Childbirth Options Medical Interventions Hospital or Home? Box 4.3. Pros and Cons of Water BirthsNeonatal Assessment Assessment at Birth Reflexes Sensory Abilities Adaptations During the Neonatal Period Box 4.4. Kangaroo Care for Newborn Infants and Their ParentsWrapping It Up: Summary and Conclusion | Think About It: Questions for Reading and Discussion | Key Words Chapter 5: Physical Growth, Health, and Nutrition Chapter Overview Physical Growth Measuring and Predicting Growth Failure to Thrive Brain Development Maltreatment and the Brain Box 5.1. Risk Factors for Child MaltreatmentBox 5.2. Long-Term Effects of InstitutionalizationHealth and Safety Newborn Screening Screening for Lead Poisoning Box 5.3. Reducing Young Children's Exposure to LeadInfant Mortality Common Illnesses and Immunizations Accidental Injuries Sudden Unexplained Infant Death Box 5.4. Recommendations to Reduce the Risk of SIDS and ASSBNutrition and Feeding Nutritional Requirements in Infancy Breast Milk Box 5.5. Practice Guidelines in Baby-Friendly HospitalsNutritional Requirements in Toddlerhood The Problem of Malnutrition Wrapping It Up: Summary and Conclusion | Think About It: Questions for Reading and Discussion | Key Words Chapter 6: Sensation, Perception, and Motor Development Chapter Overview Theories of Infant Perception Vision Newborn Abilities Perceiving Objects Perceiving Depth Perceiving Images on Screens Box 6.1. Learning to Perceive Digital MediaHearing Locating Sounds Perceiving Speech Perceiving Music Music Perception Touch Reflexes Pain Taste Innate Preferences Effects of Experience Smell Innate Preferences Effects of Experience Other Senses, Intermodal and Cross-Modal Perception Other Senses Intermodal Abilities Box 6.2. Multisensory Processing and AttentionCross-Modal Abilities Motor Development Assessing Motor Development Fine Motor Skills: Reaching, Grasping, and Using Tools Box 6.3. Infants and Toddlers Use Motor Skills to Make MusicGross Motor Skills: Sitting, Crawling, and Walking The Cultural Context Wrapping It Up: Summary and Conclusion | Think About It: Questions for Reading and Discussion | Key Words Chapter 7: Play and Foundational Theories about Cognitive Development Chapter Overview The Development of Play Play with Objects Box 7.1. Adapting Play for Infants and ToddlersSocial Play Pretend/Symbolic Play Piaget's Theory: Constructing and Representing Knowledge Sensorimotor and Preoperational Intelligence Object Permanence The A-Not-B Error Understanding and Using Representations of Space Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory: Learning as a Social Activity The Zone of Proximal Development Guided Participation Box 7.2. The Suzuki Method for Learning to Play a Musical InstrumentWrapping It Up: Summary and Conclusion | Think About It: Questions for Reading and Discussion | Key Words Chapter 8: Cognitive Science and Intelligence Chapter Overview Cognitive Science Perspectives Attention Gaze Following, Joint Attention, and Theory of Mind Memory Box 8.1. The Effect of Television and Digital Media on Infants and ToddlersCategorization Defining and Testing Intelligence in Infancy Traditional Tests Information-Processing Assessments Box 8.2. Using Cognitive Science Measures to Assess Infant DevelopmentWrapping It Up: Summary and Conclusion | Think About It: Questions for Reading and Discussion | Key Words Chapter 9: Language and Communication Chapter Overview Studying Language Development Why Language Matters Systems of Language Theoretical Foundations Prelinguistic Communication Receptivity to Language Speech Perception Early Production: Babbling Gestural Communication Semantic Development Milestones in the Acquisition of Meaning One-Word Utterances Box 9.1. Cultural Influences on Language LearningExplaining Early Word Learning The Acquisition of Grammar Multiword Utterances Overregularization Cross-Linguistic Studies of the Acquisition of Grammar Atypical Language Development Measuring Language Development Early Language Delay and Specific Language Impairment Language and Communication in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder Box 9.2. New Tools for Studying Language and Communication in Children with Autism Spectrum DisorderWrapping It Up: Summary and Conclusion | Think About It: Questions for Reading and Discussion | Key Words Chapter 10: Relationships and Social Development Chapter Overview Infant-Caregiver Relationships Patterns of Care and Interaction: Beliefs About Infants Cross-Cultural Differences in Mothers' Involvement Father-Infant Caregiving and Interaction Cross-Cultural Differences in Fathers' Involvement Postpartum Depression Box 10.1. Postpartum Depression in FathersThe Influence of Culture and Context How Postpartum Depression Affects Infants Intervention Approaches Developing Trust, Becoming Attached Bowlby's Theory of Infant-Caregiver Attachment Assessing Attachment Relationships Attachment and Subsequent Development Box 10.2. The Mother-Child Longitudinal Study of AttachmentSibling Relationships Becoming a Sibling How Siblings Contribute to Development Peer Relationships and Friendship Peer Interactions Friendship Wrapping It Up: Summary and Conclusion | Think About It: Questions for Reading and Discussion | Key Words Chapter 11: Temperament, Emotions, and the Self Chapter Overview Temperament Defining and Measuring Temperament Temperament and Biology Temperament and Attachment Box 11.1. Goodness of Fit: Temperament, Attachment, and Peer InteractionsTemperament and Personality Emotions Theories of Emotions Box 11.2. Theories of Emotional DevelopmentExpressing Emotions Perceiving Emotions Parent Influences on Emotion Development Regulating Emotions Developing and Using Social Emotions The Self Recognizing the Self Box 11.3. Evaluating the Self and Self-EsteemWrapping It Up: Summary and Conclusion | Think About It: Questions for Reading and Discussion | Key Words Chapter 12: Childcare and Early Intervention Chapter Overview Childcare Maternal Employment Parental Leave Policies Childcare Arrangements Box 12.1. What Does Quality Childcare Look Like?Effects of Childcare: The NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development Including Children With Disabilities in Childcare Early Intervention Poverty as a Risk Factor: Implications for Prevention and Intervention Early Intervention Through Childcare and Preschool Early Head Start Measuring the Impact of Early Childhood Intervention Wrapping It Up: Summary and Conclusion | Think About It: Questions for Reading and Discussion | Key Words Glossary References Credits Index About the Author