Audio Metering

In this comprehensive guide, Brixen takes the reader through the complex and confusing aspects of audio metering, imparting the knowledge and skills needed to utilize optional signal levels and produce high-quality audio. Covering all aspects of this fundamental subject, Audio Metering: Measurements, Standards and Practice begins with the basics, such as audio definitions and digital techniques, and works up to more complex topics like hearing and psychoacoustics. This revised and expanded third edition includes: - Updated information on loudness metering, covering both existing and new standards. - Definitions of terms such as LKFS, LUFS, gating, LRA. - Explanations of signal types and musical sounds and structures. - Further details on immersive audio. - Skills needed for both small-room acoustics and large auditorium sound design without loss of sound quality. - Descriptions of measurement signals and systems for audio and acoustic sound. - A chapter on listening tests from small set-ups to large-scale comparisons of PA/SR-systems. Packed full of valuable information with a wide range of practical applications, this is the essential reference guide to audio metering for technicians, engineers, and tonmeisters, as well as sound designers working with acoustics, electroacoustics, broadcast, studio recording, sound art, archiving, audio forensics, and theatrical and live-audio setups.

Eddy B. Brixen is an audio consultant and lecturer based in Denmark.

Preface 1 Acoustic Sound 2 From Acoustic Sound to Electrical Signals 3 Digital Representation 4 Signal Types 5 How Large is an Audio Signal 6 The dB Concept 7 The ear, hearing, and level perception 8 Time Weighting 9 Frequency Weighting and Filters 10 Determination of Loudness 11 Characteristics of Level Meters 12 The Standard Volume Indicator (VU Meter) 13 Peak Program Meter (PPM) 14 Loudness Metering 15 Calibration of Level and Loudness Meters 16 Relationships Between Scales 17 Dynamic scales 18 Polarity and phase reading 19 Display of Level Distribution 20 Multi-Channel / Immersive Audio 21 Standards and Practices 22 Summation of Audio Signals 23 Digital interface 24 Audio over IP 25 Where to Connect a Meter 26 FFT, Fast Fourier Transformation 27 Spectrum Analyzer 28 Other Measurement Systems 29 Measurement signals 30 Sound Level Meters 31 NR, NC, PNC, RNC, and RC Curves 32 Room acoustic measures 33 Listening Tests Glossary Index