Education as a Political Tool in Asia

This book offers a fresh and comparative approach in questioning what education is being used for and what the effects of the politicisation of education are on Asian societies in the era of globalisation. Education has been used as a political tool throughout the ages and across the whole world to define national identity and underlie the political rationale of regimes. In the contemporary, globalising world there are particularly interesting examples of this throughout Asia, ranging from the new definition of Indian national identity as a Hindu identity (to contrast with Pakistan's Islamic identity), to particular versions of nationalism in China, Japan, Singapore and Vietnam. In Asia education systems have their origins in processes of state formation aimed either at bolstering 'self-strengthening' resistance to the encroachments of Western and/or Asian imperialism, or at furthering projects of post-colonial nation-building. State elites have sought to popularise powerful visions of nationhood, to equip these visions with a historical 'back-story', and to endow them with the maximum sentimental charge. This book explores all of these developments, emphasising that education is seen by nations across Asia, as elsewhere, as more than simply a tool for economic development, and that issues of national identity and the tolerance - or lack of it - of ethnic, cultural or religious diversity can be at least as important as issues of literacy and access. Interdisciplinary and unique in its analysis, this book will be of interest to scholars of political science, research in education and Asian Studies.

Marie Lall is Lecturer in Education Policy at the Institute of Education, University of London and an associate fellow on the Asia Programme at Chatham House. Her research focuses on the politics of South Asia, in particular India and Pakistan, and on education policy with regard to gender, race and social exclusion in South Asia. She also works on issues of political economy, geopolitics, foreign policy formulation in South Asia and diaspora politics. She is the author of India's Missed Opportunity (published by Ashgate) and the editor of The Geopolitics of Energy in South Asia (publishes by ISEAS, Singapore). Edward Vickers is Senior Lecturer in Comparative Education at the Institute of Education, University of London. His research publications to date have focused primarily on the relationship between history education and the politics of nationalism in China and East Asia. He is the author of In Search of An Identity: The Politics of History as a School Subject in Hong Kong, 1960s-2002, and editor of History Education and National Identity in East Asia (both published by Routledge).

Foreword Michael Apple. Introduction Marie Lall 1. Education, Identity and the Politics of Modern State Formation in Asia - A Comparative and Historical Perspective Edward Vickers 2. The Inescapability of Politics? Nationalism, Democratization and Social Order in Japanese Education Peter Cave 3. The Opportunity of China? Education, Patriotic Values and the Chinese State Edward Vickers 4. Education, Politics and the State in Hong Kong Paul Morris 5. 'Creating Good Citizens, or a Competitive Workforce, or Just Plain Political Socialisation?: Tensions in the Aims of Education in Singapore' Christine Han 6. "Reverse! Now play fast forward": Education and the Politics of Change in Malaysia Elwyn Thomas 7. Doi moi, Education and Identity Formation in Contemporary Vietnam Matthieu Salomon and Vu Doan Ket 8. Globalization and the Fundamentalisation of Curricula; Lessons from India Marie Lall 9. Education Dilemmas in Pakistan - The Current Curriculum Reform Marie Lall 10. Non Piu Andrai: Bullets, Burqas, Books-Education Policy and its Discontents in Communist and Taleban Afghanistan Patrick Belton