Epistemology for the Rest of the World

Since the heyday of ordinary language philosophy, Anglophone epistemologists have devoted a great deal of attention to the English word 'know' and to English sentences used to attribute knowledge. Even today, many epistemologists, including contextualists and subject-sensitive invariantists are concerned with the truth conditions of "S knows that p," or the proposition it expresses. In all of this literature, the method of cases is used, where a situation is described in English, and then philosophers judge whether it is true that S knows that p, or whether saying "S knows that p" is false, deviant, etc. in that situation. However, English is just one of over 6000 languages spoken around the world, and is the native language of less than 6% of the world's population. When Western epistemology first emerged, in ancient Greece, English did not even exist. So why should we think that facts about the English word "know," the concept it expresses, or subtle semantic properties of "S knows that p" have important implications for epistemology? Are the properties of the English word "know" and the English sentence 'S knows that p' shared by their translations in most or all languages? If that turned out to be true, it would be a remarkable fact that cries out for an explanation. But if it turned out to be false, what are the implications for epistemology? Should epistemologists study knowledge attributions in languages other than English with the same diligence they have shown for the study of English knowledge attributions? If not, why not? In what ways do the concepts expressed by 'know' and its counterparts in different languages differ? And what should epistemologists make of all this? The papers collected here discuss these questions and related issues, and aim to contribute to this important topic and epistemology in general.

Stephen Stitch is Board of Governors Distinguished Professor in the Department of Philosophy & Center for Cognitive Science at Rutgers University.

Masaharu Mizumoto is Associate Professor at the School of Knowledge Science at the Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology.

Elin McCready is Professor of English at Aoyama Gakuin University.

Introduction
Stephen Stich and Masaharu Mizumoto
1. Epistemology From a Sanskritic Point of View
Jonardon Ganeri
2. Knowledge and Belief through the Mirror of Japanese
Takashi Iida
3. Multiple Chinese verbs equivalent to the English verb 'know'
Kiyohide Arakawa
4. The Contribution of Confucius to Virtue Epistemology
Shane Ryan and Chienkuo Mi
5. "Know" and Japanese Counterparts: "Shitte-iru" and "Wakatte-iru"
Masaharu Mizumoto
6. Gettier was framed
Edouard Machery, Stephen Stich, David Rose, Amita Chatterjee, Kaori Karasawa, Noel Struchiner, Smita Sirker, Naoki Usui, Takaaki Hashimoto
7. Justification and truth: Evidence from languages of the world
Lisa Matthewson and Jennifer Glougie
8. Knowledge, Certainty, and Skepticism: A Cross-Cultural Study
John Waterman, Chad Gonnerman, Karen Yan, and Joshua Alexander
9. I KNOW; a human universal
Anna Wierzbicka
10. Theory of Knowledge without (comparative) Linguistics
Allan Hazlett
11. On How to Defend or Disprove the Universality Thesis
Tsai Cheng-hung and Chinfa Lien
12. Primate Social Cognition and the Core Human Knowledge Concept
John Turri