Science and Technology of Rubber

Science and Technology of Rubber covers the most important aspects of rubber science and technology, from synthesis and structure to elasticity and flow, blending, filling, and cross-linking. Polymerization and copolymerization, the rheological behavior of unvulcanized rubber, vulcanization, reinforcement of elastomers by particulate fillers, and the chemical modification of polymers are also discussed. This book is comprised of 14 chapters; the first ten of which take the reader from an introduction through synthesis characterization, mechanical behavior, and flow to the major processing steps of filling, compounding, and vulcanization and to the theories and measurement of elastomeric performance, leaning strongly on the ""materials"" approach. The next three chapters deal with blended, modified, and thermoplastic elastomers, touching on topics such as polymer esterification, etherification, hydrolysis, and hydrogenation as well as the influence of blending on the properties of elastomer/plastic blends, especially impact strength and crack resistance. The book concludes with a chapter on tire manufacture and engineering, with emphasis on the geometric, structural, and chemical aspects of tire. This book will be of vital interest to students, practitioners, and research and development managers, as well as to anyone interested in the unusual chemistry and physics and the outstanding properties and usefulness of elastomers.

List of ContributorsPrefaceChapter 1 Rubber Elasticity: Basic Concepts and Behavior I. Introduction II. Elasticity of a Single Molecule III. Elasticity of a Three-Dimensional Network of Polymer Molecules IV. Comparison with Experiment V. Continuum Theory of Rubber Elasticity VI. Second-Order Stresses VII. Elastic Behavior under Small Deformations VIII. Some Unsolved Problems in Rubber Elasticity ReferencesChapter 2 Polymerization I. Introduction II. Classification of Polymerization Reactions and Kinetic Considerations III. Functional Group Polymerization IV. Chain Addition Polymerization by Free Radical Mechanism V. Emulsion Polymerization VI. Copolymerization VII. Addition Polymerization by Cationic Mechanism VIII. Addition Polymerization by Anionic Mechanism IX. Stereospecific Polymerization and Copolymerization by Coordination Catalysts X. Graft and Block Copolymerization ReferencesChapter 3 Structure Characterization in the Science and Technology of Elastomers Introduction I. Chemical Composition and Repeat Unit Structure (Table I) II. Compositional and Sequence Distribution of Copolymers; Additives (Tables IIA, IIB) III. Molecular Weight and Its Distribution (MWD); Branching; Gel (Tables III) IV. Rubber-Glass and Other Secondary Transitions (Table IV) V. Crystallinity (Table V) VI. Morphology (Table VI) General ReferencesChapter 4 The Molecular and Phenomenological Basis of Rubberlike Elasticity I. Introduction II. Statistics of a Polymer Chain III. Rubberlike Elasticity of a Polymer Network IV. Applications of Rubberlike Elasticity Theories ReferencesChapter 5 Dynamic Mechanical Properties I. Introduction II. Definitions of Dynamic Mechanical Properties and Viscoelastic Functions III. Zones of Dynamic Viscoelastic Behavior and Their Qualitative Molecular Interpretation IV. The Transition Zone V. The Plateau Zone VI. Practical Aspects of Dynamic Properties VII. Dynamic Properties in Large Deformations VIII. Experimental Methods and Apparatus for Measurements and Tests ReferencesChapter 6 Rheological Behavior of Unvulcanized Rubber I. Introduction and Historical Background II. Basic Concepts III. Rheological Measurements IV. Molecular Structure and Rheological Properties of Uncompounded Elastomers V. Flow of Blends and Compounds VI. Rheological Applications to Processing ReferencesChapter 7 Vulcanization I. General Considerations II. Sulfur Vulcanization III. Accelerated Sulfur Vulcanization IV. Vulcanization by Phenolic Resins, Quinone Derivatives, or Maleimides V. Vulcanization by Metal Oxides VI. Vulcanization by Peroxides VII. Cross-Linking by Chain Extension Reactions VIII. Thermoplastic Elastomers ReferencesChapter 8 Reinforcement of Elastomers by Particulate Fillers I. Introduction II. Carbon Black III. Filler Morphology and Its Characterization IV. Physical and Chemical Interactions at the Filler Surface V. The State of the Filler in the Rubber Mix VI. The State of the Rubber in the Filled Composite VII. Properties of Unvulcanized Rubber-Filler Mixes VIII. Mechanical Behavior of Filled Rubber Vulcanizates at Small and Moderate Strains IX. Large Deformation Behavior X. Failure Properties References Chapter 9 The Rubber Compound and Its Composition I. Introduction II. Selection of Ingredients III. Compounding Costs IV. Mixing V. Resistance to Aging VI. Summary References Chapter 10 Strength of Elastomers I. Introduction II. Initiation of Fracture III. Crack Propagation IV. Tensile Rupture V. Abrasive Wear References Chapter 11 The Chemical Modification of Polymers I. Introduction II. Esterification, Etherification, and Hydrolysis of Polymers III.