Artificial Intelligence in Wireless Sensors and Instruments

This book heralds a new era in instrumentation and measurements. It combines artificial intelligence (AI) and wireless communications technologies with instrumentation and measurement systems to function as a single unit. AI has advanced considerably due to deep learning utilizing artificial neural networks, availability of large and curated datasets, implementation of a new generation of fast processors having millions of transistors in chips, advanced algorithms, competitive commercial interests, and interests of governments to gain advantages. At the same time, new and highly advanced wireless technologies open new frontiers in communication systems, both technologically and in terms of applications aspects. Advanced technologies such as 5G and 6G networks enable easy use of communication systems by billions of people as well as by billions of machine-to-machine systems. In this book, the communication principles are explained and the implementation of AI on wireless networks is discussed. Many examples are provided. The author discusses instruments and instrumentation networks, modern sensors, and transducers in detail. AI is the technology humans have created where the machines do not only assist us but also think for us creatively in some cases, excelling humans thinking and reasoning. This book includes a chapter explaining how this is done, backed up with more than 50 figures. The security issues, fairness, efficiency, and social impact and acceptance of AI are highlighted. As explained in this book, AI and wireless communications are changing our lives in many ways, including entertainment, games, social interactions, medicine and healthcare, R&D, automated living, intelligent transport systems, finance and economy, and the Internet of Things.

Halit Eren received BEng 1973, MEng 1975 in electrical engineering, and a PhD in 1978 in control engineering all at the University of Sheffield UK. He obtained an MBA from the Curtin University in 1999 majoring in International Management. Dr Eren worked in Etibank as Project Engineer on automation and instrumentation in copper plants. He held the lecturer positions in Hacettepe University-Beytepe Campus, 1980-1981, and Assistant Professor at the Middle East Technical University-Gaziantep Campus 1982. He worked at the Curtin University between 1983 - 2015 first at the School of Mines Kargoorlie, and then School of Electrical Engineering, Bentley Campus, Perth, Western Australia. His duties involved research and teaching in Control Systems, Digital Transmission and Interface Design, Process Control and Instrumentation, and Engineering Management. Dr Eren has attracted numerous research grants from the governments and industry. He also acted as consultant for many private and governmental organizations. Dr Eren supervised and graduated PhD and Masters-Degree students. He served as the Head of Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering at Curtin University. He holds positions of Adjunct Senior Research Fellow since 2015. Dr Eren was appointed as Associate Professor at Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, in 2004, and served as a Visiting Professor at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA, 2013. He also has teaching experience in Sarawak-Malaysia, and Singapore. Dr Eren has been very active in IEEE throughout his career and awarded a Life Membership of the IEEE in 2019. He participates in various committees for conferences and serves in the editorship and review committees. Dr Eren has over 150 publications in conferences, books, and journals. The number of reads recorded in his RearchGate site is 460,000. He published three books as a single author: Electronic Portable Instruments-Design and Applications, 2004; and Wireless Sensors and Instruments-Networks, Design and Applications, 2006; Impact of Technology on Environment: Instrumentation and Climate Change, 2022. He is the co-editor/writer of a book titled Instruments Engineers' handbook- Process Software and Digital Networks, Vol. 3, ed. 4 with Bela Liptak, 2011. Dr Eren had a background study in Medical Faculty in Hacettepe University and maintains strong interest for medical electronics. He has co-edited a well-received, multi-disciplinary, two-volume book on Electronic-Medicine, E-Health, M-Health, Telehealth, and Telemedicine 2015. He also published a two-volume worldwide well-referenced book on Instruments, Measurements, and Sensors coauthored with John G Webster 2014.

Chapter 1: Artificial Intelligence 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Artificial Intelligence Definitions 1.3 Data and Data Handling 1.4 Search Methods and Optimization 1.5 Artificial Intelligence 1.6 Artificial Neural Networks 1.7 Machine Learning 1.8 Classification, Clustering, and Regression 1.9 Artificial Intelligence Learning 1.10 Reinforcement Learning 1.11 Transfer Learning 1.12 Self-Supervised Learning 1.13 Distributed and Collaborative Learning 1.14 Federated Learning 1.15 Deep Learning 1.16 Generative Artificial Intelligence 1.17 Natural Language Processing 1.18 Quality in Machine Learning 1.19 AI Hardware 1.20 AI Software 1.21 AI-Computing 1.22 AI Safety 1.23 AI and Society 1.24 Applications of AI 1.25Conclusions Chapter 2: Wireless Systems 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Wireless Communication Principles 2.3 Electromagnetic Wave Propagation 2.4 RF Propagation Losses 2.5 Frequency Allocation 2.6 Digital Technology in Communications 2.7 RF Components 2.8 RF Transceivers 2.9 Digital RF Components 2.10 Modulation and Demodulation 2.11 Digital Modulation and Demodulation 2.12 Digital Multiplexers 2.13 Digital Duplexers 2.14 Frequency Spreading 2.15 Multiple Access Techniques 2.16 Wireless Modems 2.17 Bridges, Routers, Gateways, and Repeaters 2.18 Packet Radio 2.19 Wireless Networks 2.20 The Zigbee 2.21 The WiFi 2.22 Wireless Machine Type Communication Networks 2.23 IEEE-802.11 Wireless LAN Standards 2.24 The HIPERLAN Standards 2.25 AI in Wireless Systems 2.26 AI in Wireless Radio Networks 2.27 Intelligent Modulation Recognition 2.28 Intelligent Channel Estimation 2.29 Intelligent Channel Measurements 2.30 Intelligent Frequency Hopping Recognition 2.31 AI 5G/6G Networks 2.32 Handling Big Data in Wireless Networks Conclusions Chapter 3: Instruments and Sensor Networks 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Fundamentals of Measurements 3.3 Errors and Uncertainties 3.4 Calibration of Instruments 3.5 Signals and Types of Signals 3.6 Noise and Interference 3.7 Digital Instruments 3.8 Signal Processing Hardware 3.9 Signal Handling 3.10 Digital Data Processing 3.11 Virtual Instrumentation 3.12 Wireless Instruments 3.13 Instrument Software 3.14 Instruments Communications and Networks 3.15 AI in Measurements 3.16 Smart Instrument Systems 3.17 IoT and Measurements 3.18 Sensors and Transducers 3.19 IC Sensors 3.20 Sensors Classification 3.21 Intelligent Sensors 3.22 Sensor Perception 3.23 Sensor Arrays and Multisensors 3.24 Sensor Fusion 3.25 Sensor Standards 3.26 Wireless Sensor Networks 3.27 Conclusions Chapter 4: Applications 4.1 Applications of AI 4.2 AI and Wireless Communications