Microscopy of Ceramics and Cements

Microscopy of Ceramics and Cements: Including Glasses, Slags, and Foundry Sands presents the extraordinary value of the microscope in dealing with problems in the manufacture and use of ceramics. This book outlines the methods that are useful in applying polarizing microscope. Organized into 15 chapters, this book begins with an overview of the features of the instruments and of the methods employing them that are appropriate to their use in ceramic research and control laboratories. This text then book surveys the foundation of past experience with the microscope in the several ceramic fields of whitewares, refractories, porcelain enamels, cements, abrasives, foundry sands, and metallurgical slags as a basis for engineering applications and fundamental studies. Other chapters consider the nomenclature employed and interference figures. This book discusses as well the raw materials of ceramics. The final chapter deals with commercially used natural abrasives. This book is a valuable resource for chemists, physicist, and mineralogists.

-Preface1. Introduction2. The Microscopes and Accessories 2.1 The Polarizing Microscope 2.2 The Stereoscopic Microscope 2.3 The Metallographic Microscope 2.4 The Electron Microscope 2.5 Other Instruments References3. Optical Mineralogy 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Isotropie Minerals 3.3 Uniaxial Minerals 3.4 Biaxial Minerals 3.5 Extinction Angle 3.6 Elongation Character 3.7 Birefringence 3.8 Determination of the Slow Ray with Accessory Plates 3.9 Refractive Index and Pleochroism 3.10 Refractive Index Determination by Immersion 3.11 Immersion Media for Refractive Index Determination 3.12 Manipulation of Particles 3.13 Interference Figures from Small Grains References4. Preparation of Material for Microscopic Examination 4.1 Sampling 4.2 Powder and Flake Preparations 4.3 Thin Section Preparation 4.4 Preparation of Polished Sections 4.5 Peels References5. Special Techniques 5.1 Particle Size Distribution Measurement 5.2 Stress Measurement 5.3 Quantitative Analysis 5.4 Surface Replicas References6. Raw Materials and their Thermal Behavior 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Silica Minerals 6.3 Feldspars and Feldspathoids 6.4 Clays and Clay Minerals 6.5 Other Aluminosilicates 6.6 Talc and Olivine 6.7 Magnesia Minerals 6.8 Chrome Ore 6.9 Limestone and Dolomite 6.10 Zircon References7. Whitewares 7.1 Whiteware Bodies 7.2 Thermal Behavior of Body Constituents 7.3 Thermal Changes in a Whiteware Body 7.4 Steatite Bodies 7.5 Cordierite Bodies 7.6 Whiteware Glazes References8. Refractories 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Fireclay Refractories 8.3 Silica Refractories 8.4 Basic Refractories 8.5 Forsterite Refractories 8.6 Electric Furnace Refractories 8.7 Silicon Carbide Refractories References9. Glass 9.1 General 9.2 Techniques of Examination 9.3 Surface Defects 9.4 Seeds and Bubbles 9.5 Cords and Striae 9.6 Stones References10. Cement and Cement Products 10.1 Historical 10.2 Techniques of Cement Microscopy 10.3 Mineral Phases of Clinker 10.4 Microscopy of Hydrated Cements 10.5 Natural Cement 10.6 Portland-Slag Cements 10.7 Aluminous Cements 10.8 Miscellaneous Cements and Plasters 10.9 Aggregate Materials References11. Porcelain Enamels 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Metal Examination 11.3 Nickel Flashing 11.4 Raw Materials 11.5 Metal-Enamel Relationships 11.6 Section Preparation 11.7 Enamel Surface Studies 11.8 Enamel Defects 11.9 Bubble Structure 11.10 Weathering and Chemical Attack 11.11 Cast Iron Enamels 11.12 Ceramic Coatings References12. Structural Clay Products 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Phases in Fired Products 12.3 Miscellaneous Applications References13. Foundry Sands 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Granular Constituent 13.3 Bonding Clays 13.4 Metal Penetration References14. Slags 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Blast-Furnace Slags 14.3 Acid Open-Hearth Slags 14.4 Basic Open-Hearth Slags 14.5 Electric-Furnace Slags 14.6 Bessemer-Converter Slags 14.7 Nonferrous Metallurgical Slags References15. Abrasives 15.1 Introduction 15.2 General Methods for Microscopy of Abrasives 15.3 Abrasive Grains and Powders 15.4 Bonded Abrasives 15.5 Coated Abrasives ReferencesAuthor IndexSubject Index