Higher Education and Social Inequalities

A university education has long been seen as the gateway to upward social mobility for individuals from lower socio-economic backgrounds, and as a way of reproducing social advantage for the better off. With the number of young people from the very highest socio-economic groups entering university in the UK having effectively been at saturation point for several decades, the expansion witnessed in participation rates over the last few decades has largely been achieved by a modest broadening of the base of the undergraduate population in terms of both social class and ethnic diversity. However, a growing body of evidence exists in the continuation of unequal graduate outcomes. This can be seen in terms of employment trajectories in the UK. The issue of just who enjoys access to which university, and the experiences and outcomes of graduates from different institutions remain central to questions of social justice, notably higher education's contribution to social mobility and to the reproduction of social inequality. This collection of contemporary original writings explores these issues in a range of specific contexts, and through employing a range of theoretical and methodological approaches. The relationship between higher education and social mobility has probably never been under closer scrutiny. This volume will appeal to academics, policy makers, and commentators alike. Higher Education and Social Inequalities is an important contribution to the public and academic debate.

Dr Richard Waller has taught sociology in higher education since 1995, and is currently Associate Professor of the Sociology of Education at the University of the West of England, Bristol. He has published widely on higher education and social class, and is currently co-writing a sociology of education textbook for Routledge and co-editing an international handbook of lifelong education for Palgrave (both due for publication in 2017). At present he is working on the second three-year phase of the Leverhulme Trust funded Paired Peers project which followed a cohort of undergraduate students studying at Bristol's two universities. Richard was co-convenor of the BSA's Education Study Group (2009-2013) and is on the editorial board of four journals including the British Journal of Sociology of Education. Dr Nicola Ingram is a lecturer in Education and Social Justice in the Department for Educational Research at Lancaster University and co-convenor of the British Sociological Association's Bourdieu and Education study groups. Her research is broadly focused on social inequalities in education and she is particularly interested in issues of identity, class, gender and ethnicity in young people's transitions. She has published widely on these areas. Since 2010 Nicola has been working on the Paired Peers project (with, amongst others, Richard Waller), and this was the source of the co-authored 2016 Palgrave book Higher Education, Social Class and Social Mobility: The Degree generation. Dr Michael R.M. Ward is a lecturer in Applied Social Sciences at Swansea University. His work centres on the performance of working-class masculinities within and beyond educational institutions and he is the author of the award winning 2015 book From Labouring to Learning, Working-class Masculinities, Education and De-industrialization (Palgrave MacMillan). He is also the editor of Gender Identity and Research Relationships in the Studies in Qualitative Methods book series (Emerald). Mike is co-convenor of the BSA Education Study Group and editorial board member for Sociological Research Online and the Journal of Boyhood Studies.

Introduction: setting the scene Part I: Getting in: higher education access and participation 1. Admissions, adaptations, and anxieties: social class inside and outside the elite university 2. Struggling for selfhood: Non-traditional mature students' critical perspectives on access to higher education courses in England 3. How meritocratic is admission to highly selective UK universities? 4. Patterns of participation in a period of change: social trends in English higher education from 2000 to 2016 Part II: Getting on: classed experiences of higher education 5. A tale of two universities: class work in the field of higher education 6. How to win at being a student 7. Social class, ethnicity and the process of 'Fitting in' 8. The 'Jack Wills Brigade': brands, embodiment, and class identities in higher education Part III: Getting out: social class and graduate destinations 9. Higher education and the myths of graduate employability 10. A glass half full? Social class and access to postgraduate study 11. Participation in paid and unpaid internships among creative and communications graduates: does class advantage play a part? 12. Gendered and classed graduate transitions to work: how the unequal playing field is constructed, maintained, and experienced Conclusion: social class, participation, and the marketised university