Journalism and Safety

This book presents selected international research on journalism and safety with a focus on digital threats against journalists and their professional practices. It offers an overview of ongoing developments in the field of journalism and safety from diverse regions around the world. From various theoretical, conceptual and empirical perspectives, the chapters address the escalating global concern of pervasive phenomena such as cyber-surveillance, orchestrated attacks, trolling and online harassment and underscore the precariousness of journalists' work in various geographical locations. A section of the book examines the safety conditions of female journalists, focusing on their responses to gendered online attacks and hate speech, whereas another section analyses and discusses institutional and cultural responses to journalists' safety. The chapters draw on data from diverse geo-cultural regions globally, and collectively the volume provides a comprehensive overview of recent research on digital threats to journalists' safety and responses to some of the challenges. Additionally, it presents valuable concepts for further scholarly reflection on these issues. The second of two volumes, this book will be a key resource for scholars, practitioners and researchers of journalism, media and cultural studies, communication studies, and sociology. The chapters in the book were originally published in Digital Journalism, Journalism Studies, and Journalism Practice.

Kristin Skare Orgeret (Dr.Art) is Professor at Oslo Metropolitan University, Norway, where she co-leads the research group MEKK (Media, War and Conflict) and organizes annual international conferences on the safety of journalists. She leads the international research project DD-MAC on the role of digital media in ongoing violent conflicts in Africa. She specializes in journalism in conflict situations, global journalism and power relations, and media and gender. Oscar Westlund (PhD) is Professor at Oslo Metropolitan University, Norway, where he co-leads the OsloMet Digital Journalism Research Group. He holds a secondary appointment at University of Gothenburg, Sweden, and is the Editor-in-Chief of Digital Journalism. He specializes in digital journalism, fact-checking, platforms, epistemology, media management, news consumption, and mobile media. Roy Krøvel (PhD) is Professor at Oslo Metropolitan University, Norway, where he co-leads the OsloMet Media, War and Conflict Research Group with Professor Orgeret. He holds a secondary appointment at Sami University, Norway, and is the co-organizer of the annual Safety of Journalists conference in Oslo. He specializes in the safety of journalists, investigative and data journalism, the uses of AI in journalism, Indigenous Journalism, and war and peace journalism.

Introduction: Digital Threats, Professional Fragilities, and Safety Cultures 1. Under Attack in the Cyber Battlefield: A Scoping Review of Journalists' Experiences of Cyberharassment 2. "We Have to act Like our Devices are Already Infected": Investigative Journalists and Internet Surveillance 3. Trolling Journalists and the Risks of Digital Publicity 4. Becoming a Target: Journalists' Perspectives on Anti-Press Discourse and Experiences with Hate Speech 5. Tired, Hungry, and on Deadline: Affect and Emotion in the Practice of Conflict Journalism 6. "I Really Wanted Them to Have My Back, but They Didn't"-Structural Barriers to Addressing Gendered Online Violence against Journalists 7. Journalists are Prepared for Critical Situations ... but We are Not Prepared for This": Empirical and Structural Dimensions of Gendered Online Harassment 8. Time's up. Or is it? Journalists' Perceptions of Sexual Violence and Newsroom Changes after #MeTooIndia 9. Worsening Safety Conditions for Women Journalists in Turkey's Alternative News Media 10. Invisible in This Visual World? Work and Working Conditions of Female Photographers in the Global South 11. "Not Their Fault, but Their Problem": Organizational Responses to the Online Harassment of Journalists 12. Coping with Occupational Stress in Journalism: Professional Identities and Advocacy as Resources 13. Precarious Professionalism: Journalism and the Fragility of Professional Practice in the Global South 14. Between Attack and Resilience: The Ongoing Institutionalization of Independent Digital Journalism in Brazil 15. Understanding Nascent Newsroom Security and Safety Cultures: The Emergence of the "Security Champion"