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Membrane-Based Salinity Gradient Processes for Water Treatment and Power Generation focuses on the various types of membrane- based salinity gradient processes that can be applied for desalination. Topics cover salinity gradient processes for desalination, such as Forward Osmosis (FO) and Pressure Retarded Osmosis (PRO), with chapters selected exclusively from a number of world-leading experts in various disciplines and from different continents. Sections include discussions on the theoretical and fundamental approaches to salinity gradient processes, various types of membrane materials and development, i.e., flat sheet and hollow fiber, various salinity water sources for an economically feasible process, and large-scale applications.Finally, the book focuses on economically feasible process optimization when both operational and capital costs are considered.
- Features specific details on salinity gradient techniques for various desalination applications of industrial and academic interest- Contains unique discussions on membrane development and process optimization that normally only appear briefly in research articles- Includes examples of internationally best practices for the evaluation of several system parameters, including thermodynamic optimization, high power density membrane development, and more- Discusses large-scale applications and provides examples of such implementations, such as Statkraft, Japanese Megaton, and Korean GMVP
Section 1: Fundamentals of Salinity Gradient Processes1. Water Flux 2. Reverse Salt Flux 3. Internal and External Concentration Polarization4. Thermodynamics5. Draw Solute SelectionSection 2: Membranes6. Flat Sheet Membranes 7. Hollow Fiber Membranes 8. Determining Structural Parameter (S) 9. Membrane Modules for Large Scale ApplicationsSection 3: Process Optimization10. Direct Desalination with Forward Osmosis 11. Indirect Desalination with Forward Osmosis 12. Low Salinity Pressure Retarded Osmosis 13. High Salinity Pressure Retarded Osmosis14. Ultra-High Salinity Pressure Retarded OsmosisSection 4: Case Studies15. Oasys - Brine Concentrator (Forward Osmosis)16. Statcraft - Low Salinity Pressure Retarded Osmosis17. Megaton - High Salinity Pressure Retarded Osmosis18. GMVP - High Salinity Pressure Retarded Osmosis
