Hygiene in World History

This book features a global, historical analysis of the changes and continuities in one of society's basic functions: seeking to protect itself from disease. Hygiene offers an important lens for major aspects of world and comparative history. The volume explores the ways different regions and major religions approached hygiene both before modern times and through the present with the more recent uses of germ theory. Topics in "premodern" hygiene include toilet practices, remarkably varied views about bathing, and different levels of commitment to investments in hygiene infrastructure. The "sanitary revolution" of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries forms a major dividing line in the book, including the variations introduced by developments like colonialism or communism and various forms of resistance to "modern" hygiene. The book links current, often bitter, debates about hygiene, around practices such as masking, both to the larger history and to recent issues like COVID-19. Hygiene in World History is an accessible overview aimed at undergraduate and non-specialist readers interested in world history, public health, and the history of health and disease.

Peter N. Stearns is Distinguished University Professor of History Emeritus, at George Mason University, United States. In both teaching and writing he has worked to explore major topics in a world history framework, as in his book on Punishment in World History. This new book, on hygiene, also relates to his interest in the history of emotions, where he has helped to develop a major research field.

1. Introduction: Hygiene and History 2. Early Stages of Human Hygiene: from hunting and gathering to early civilizations 3. Hygiene Advances, Limitations and Styles in Classical and Postclassical Societies, c.800 BCE -1500 CE 4. Toward More Explicit Hygiene, 1500-1800 5. Hygiene in the Modern World: themes and challenges 6. The Hygiene Revolution in the West, 1800-1920s 7. Hygiene and Imperialism 8. Independence Outside the West, 1850-1950: Hygiene in Latin America, the Middle East and Japan 9. Communist Revolutions and Hygiene 10. Beyond the Sanitary Revolution: Western societies in the 20th century 11. Hygiene and Globalization, 1970s-2020s 12. Main Themes and New Directions

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