Sensemaking in Safety Critical and Complex Situations

Sensemaking in Safety Critical and Complex Situations: Human Factors and Design Human factors-based design that supports the strengths and weaknesses of humans are often missed during the concept and design of complex technical systems. With the focus on digitalization and automation, the human actor is often left out of the loop but needs to step in during safety-critical situations. This book describes how human factors and sensemaking can be used as part of the concept and design of safety critical systems in order to improve safety and resilience. This book discusses the challenges of automation and automated systems when humans are left out of the loop and then need to intervene when the situation calls for it. It covers human control and accepts that humans must handle the unexpected and describes methods to support this. It is based on recent accident analysis involving autonomous systems that move our understanding forward and supports a more modern view on human errors to improve safety in industries such as shipping and marine. The book is for human factors and ergonomists, safety engineers, designers involved in safety critical work and students. Stig Ole Johnsen is a Senior Researcher at SINTEF in Norway. He has a PhD from NTNU in Norway with a focus on resilience in complex socio-technical systems and has a Master's in Technology Management from MIT/NTNU. He chairs the Human Factors in Control network (HFC) in Norway to strengthen the human factors focus during development and implementation of safety critical technology. His research interests include meaningful human control to support safety and resilience during automation and digitalization. Thomas Porathe has a degree in Information Design from Malardalen University in Sweden. He is currently Professor of Interaction Design at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology in Trondheim, Norway. He specializes in maritime human factors and design of maritime information systems, specifically directed towards control room design, e-navigation and autonomous ships. He has been working with e-Navigation since 2006 in EU projects such as BLAST, EfficienSea, MONALISA, ACCSEAS, SESAME and the unmanned ship project MUNIN. He is active in the International Association of Aids to Navigation and Lighthouse Authorities (IALA).

Thomas Porathe Professor of Interaction Design at Norwegian University of Science and Technology; Earlier Associate professor in Human Factors at the Department of Shipping and Marin Technology at Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden Research projects: 2015-2018 ONSITE (Design Driven Field Studies for Safer Demanding Marine Operations); 2015-2017 REMOTE Development of concepts for control rooms for fish farmsBook Chapters: Porathe, T et al. (2015). Supporting Situation Awareness on the bridge: testing route exchange in a practical e-Navigation study. In A. Weintrit, & T. Neumann (Eds.) Information, Communication and Environment: Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation,: CRC Press
Stig Ole Johnsen Senior research scientist at SINTEF, affiliated NTNU. PhD at NTNU and Master of Technology Management, degree from MiT (Massachusetts institute of Technology/ Sloan School of Management) and NTNU. Chair of Human Factors in Control network in Norway with 800 participants; arranging two Human Factors Conferences each year; ESREL Chair of Accident Investigation. Written several book chapters; Journal and Conference papers published regularly.

1. Introduction, how HMI has been evolving 2. A Guide to Human Factors in Accident Investigation 3. What makes a task safety critical? 4. A barrier-based and easy-to-use roadmap for determining task criticality 4. Making sense of sensemaking in high-risk organizations 5. Prospective Sensemaking in Complex Organizational Domains: A Case and some Reflections 6. The Challenges of Sensemaking and Human Factors in the maritime sector - exploring the Helge Ingstad accident 7. Addressing Human Factors in Ship Design: Shall We? 8. Sensemaking in practical design: a navigation app for fast leisure boats 9. Unified Bridge - design concepts and results 10. Supporting Consistent Design and Sensemaking Across Ship Bridge Equipment Through Open Innovation 11. User Centred Agile Development to Support Sensemaking 12. Improving safety by learning from automation in transport systems with a focus on sensemaking and meaningful human control. 13. Application of Sensemaking: Data/Frame Model, to UAS AIB Reports can Increase UAS GCS Resilience to Human Factor and Ergonomics (HF/E) Shortfalls 14. Constrained autonomy for a better human-automation interface 15. HMI measures for improved sensemaking in Dynamic Positioning operations