The Building Blocks of Thought

This is an open access title available under the terms of a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International licence. It is free to read on Oxford Academic and offered as a free PDF download from OUP and selected open access locations. This is a broad and authoritative study of one of the central topics in the study of the mind: the origins of concepts. The authors survey the debate between rationalists and empiricists which stretches back to the very beginnings of philosophy, and has been at the centre of some of the most exciting research in cognitive science. Many have charged that the debate is riddled with confusion or that rationalist approaches, in particular, are deeply problematic. The Building Blocks of Thought offers a comprehensive rethinking of the foundations of this debate, showing that these negative appraisals are based on misunderstandings. Stephen Laurence and Eric Margolis argue that the debate should be understood to concern the nature of the unlearned psychological traits that provide the foundation for learning all concepts. They go on to argue for a version of concept nativism according to which there is a rationalist account of the origins of many concepts across many different conceptual domains. This rationalist view is developed around seven distinct arguments, drawing on a wealth of data across the cognitive sciences, which are shown to come together to form a unified large-scale argument to the best explanation for a rationalist account of the origins of concepts. Rounding out the case for concept nativism, the book contrasts this view with the most important and influential empiricist views, as well as alternative rationalist views, including Fodor's infamous radical concept nativism and his claim that concept learning is impossible. The Building Blocks of Thought argues for the enormous importance of learning and culture, showing how a thoroughly rationalist approach facilitates and enhances cultural learning and provides the foundations for the best overall account of the origins of concepts.

Stephen Laurence is Professor of Philosophy at the University of Sheffield. He received his PhD in Philosophy at Rutgers University and taught at the University of Manchester, Hampshire College, the London School of Economics, and the University of Hull. He is Director of the Hang Seng Centre for Cognitive Studies and directed the AHRC Innateness and the Structure of the Mind Project and the AHRC Culture and the Mind Project. He is co-editor of The Conceptual Mind and Concepts: Core Readings (both The MIT Press) among other books, and has published numerous articles in both philosophical and scientific journals. Eric Margolis is Professor of Philosophy at the University of British Columbia. He received his PhD in Philosophy at Rutgers University and taught at Rice University and the University of Wisconsin prior to his appointment at the University of British Columbia. He has received research funding from The Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation, The Peter Wall Institute for Advanced Studies, and Canada's Social Science and Humanities Research Council. He is co-editor of The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy of Cognitive Science (OUP, 2012), and The Conceptual Mind (The MIT Press), among other books, and has published extensively in philosophical journals.

- 1: Introduction: Whatever Happened to the Debate Over Innate Ideas? - PART I: The Rationalism-Empiricism Debate - 2: What the Rationalism-Empiricism Debate is Really About - 3: Why the Rationalism-Empiricism Debate Isn't the Nature-Nurture Debate - 4: The Viability of Rationalism - 5: Abstraction and the Allure of Illusory Explanation - 6: Concepts, Innateness, and Why Concept Nativism is about More Than Just Innate Concepts - 7: Conclusion to Part I - PART II: Seven Arguments for Concept Nativism - 8: The Argument from Early Development (1) - 9: The Argument from Early Development (2) - 10: The Argument from Animals - 11: The Argument from Universality - 12: The Argument from Initial Representational Access - 13: The Argument from Neural Wiring - 14: The Argument from Prepared Learning - 15: The Argument from Cognitive and Behavioural Quirks - 16: Conclusion to Part II - PART III. Alternative Empiricist Perspectives - 17: Methodological Empiricism - 18: Neo-Associationism - 19: Artificial Neural Networks: From Connectionism to Deep Learning - 20: Neuroconstructivism - 21: Perceptual Meaning Analysis - 22: Embodied Cognition - 23: Conclusion to Part III - PART IV. Fodorian Concept Nativism - 24: The Evolution of Fodor's Case Against Concept Learning - 25: Not All Concepts Are Innate - 26: Fodor's Biological Account of Concept Acquisition-and the Importance of Cultural Learning - 27: Conclusion to Part IV - 28: Coda: Innate Ideas Revisited