Energy Conservation in the Process Industries

Energy Conservation in the Process Industries provides insight into ways of identifying more important energy efficiency improvements. This book demonstrates how the principles can be employed to practical advantage. Organized into 12 chapters, this book begins with an overview of the energy situation and a background in thermodynamics. This text then describes a staged method to improved energy use to understand where the energy goes and how to calculate the value of losses. Other chapters consider improving facilities based on an understanding of the overall site energy system. This book discusses as well the fundamental process and equipment improvements. The final chapter deals with systematic and sophisticated design methods as well as provides some guidelines and checklists for energy conservation items. This book is a valuable resource for mechanical, lead process, and plant engineers involved in energy conservation. Process designers, plant managers, process researchers, and accountants will also find this book extremely useful.

PrefaceList of Common Symbols1. Energy Outlook Introduction I. Scope of the Problem II. Thermodynamic Efficiencies III. The Fundamental Strategy Notes2. The Second Law of Thermodynamics Revisited Differences between Laws I. Definitions II. Available Energy and Fuel Summary Notes3. Thermodynamics and Economics, Part I Introduction I. General Considerations II. A Systematic Approach to Steam Pricing III. Pricing Other Utilities Summary Notes4. Characterizing Energy Use Introduction I. Understanding Energy Use II. Missing Data III. An Illustrative Onsite Audit IV. An Illustrative Steam Power Balance Summary Notes5. Optimum Performance of Existing Facilities Introduction I. Principle 1-Minimize Waste II. Combustion Principles III. Illustrative Problems-Combustion Efficiency IV. Steam Trap Principles V. Principle 2-Manage Energy Use Effectively Summary Notes6. Facilities Improvement-An Overall Site Approach Introduction I. Utilizing the Energy Audit II. Overall Site Interactions III. Total Site Cogeneration Potential Problem: Maximum Potential Fuel Utilization IV. The Linear Programming Approach Summary Notes7. Methodology of Thermodynamic Analysis: General Considerations Introduction Sign Conventions I. Detailed Procedures II. Illustrative Examples Summary Notes8. Detailed Thermodynamic Analysis of Common Unit Operations Introduction I. Heat Exchange II. Expansion-Pressure Letdown -- III. Mixing IV. Distillation-A Combination of Simple Processes V. Combustion Air Preheating Summary Notes9. Use of Thermodynamic Analysis to Improve Energy Efficiency Introduction I. Overall Strategy II. Reducing Available Energy (Work) Losses III. Accepting "Inevitable" Inefficiencies IV. Optimization through Lost Work Analysis V. Research Guidance Summary Problem: Phthalic Anhydride Process Improvement Notes10. Thermodynamics and Economics, Part II: Capital-Cost Relationships Background Information I. The Entire Plant Energy System is Pertinent II. Investment Optimization III. Defining the Limits of Current Technology IV. Fundamental Process Improvements Summary Notes11. Systematic Design Methods Introduction I. Process Synthesis II. Applications to Cogeneration Systems III. Thermoeconomics IV. Systematic Optimization Thermoeconomics Summary Notes12. Guidelines and Recommendations for Improving Process Operations Introduction I. Chemical Reactions II. Separations III. Heat Transfer IV. Process Machinery V. System Interactions and Economics VI. A Checklist of Energy Conservation Items VII. Shortcomings of Guidelines NotesIndex