Hybrid Labour

This book advances the debate on the hybrid areas of labour by taking the case of work arrangements that destabilise the dichotomies between standard and non-standard work and between self-employment and dependent employment. By maintaining the connection between structural conditions and human agency, it focuses not only on how workers at the boundaries between employment and self-employment are affected by social norms and institutions but also on how they can shape them in turn, especially through collective organising. The analysis presents the main findings of the ERC project SHARE - Seizing the Hybrid Areas of work by Representing self-Employment - a six-year transdisciplinary and multi-method study conducted by combining comparative analysis of labour laws and labour force surveys with a cross-national ethnography carried out in six European countries: Germany, France, Italy, Slovakia, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom. By proposing to use 'Hybrid as Method', the tensions between employment and self-employment are analysed to challenge the hierarchy encoded in this dichotomy and to problematise its boundaries. Indeed, the category of hybrid has proved promising not only for understanding which categories are at stake but also how they have been historically constructed and how they may be differently imagined and conceptualised. This book will be of interest to students and scholars of all social sciences, particularly those who study the ongoing processes of individualisation and the novel forms of organising developed in the hybrid areas of labour. It will also be useful to activists and trade unionists, as well as policymakers. The Open Access version of this book, available at www.taylorfrancis.com, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) 4.0 International license.

Annalisa Murgia is Associate Professor of Sociology at the Department of Social and Political Sciences of the University of Milan, where she is also the scientific coordinator of the Research Centre GENDERS (https://gender.unimi.it/). Her research interests focus on precariousness, emerging forms of organising, and gender differences in organisations. She is the PI of the ERC project SHARE, 'Seizing the Hybrid Areas of work by Re-presenting self-Employment' (2017-2023, https://ercshare.unimi.it/). She recently co-edited the book Faces of Precarity: Critical Perspectives on Work, Subjectivities and Struggles (2022).

Preface PART 1. The State of the Art 1. Working at the Boundaries: An Introduction to Solo Self-employment 2. A Statistical Portrait of the Workers at the Boundaries of Employment and Self-employment in Europe: Who Are They and What Do They Do? 3. Regulating Labour at the Border between Employment and Self-employment: An Enduring Challenge 4. When Labour Diversifies, Its Collective Representation Does Too PART 2. Epistemological and Methodological Approach 5. Hybrid as an Epistemological and Methodological Approach 6. Research Contexts and Methods PART 3. SHARE: A Transdisciplinary and Multi-Method Study Conducted in Six European Countries 7. Deconstructing Labour Statistics by Reconstructing the Concepts of Autonomy and Dependency 8. Hybrid Work in Hybrid Organisations. Labour Law and New Organisational Methods 9. A Comparative Ethnography on the Collective Representation in the Hybrid Areas of Labour 10. Hybrid Cooperatives: An Alternative to Self-employment Ensuring Autonomy, Security, and Solidarity 11. If Work Is Hybrid, Are Workers Hybrid Too? Old and New Challenges for Approaching Heterogeneous Workers 12. Hybrid Practices of Organising: How Workers Mobilise between Employment and Self-employment 13. Hybrid Forms of Organising Are Growing and so Are Workers' Networks: The Emergence of National and Transnational Alliances 14. A Hybrid Attempt to Regulate Labour: Recent Developments under the European Union's Legal Framework Afterword