Antimicrobial Drug Resistance

Antimicrobial Drug Resistance presents information regarding the ability of organisms to resist natural and synthetically derived inhibitors. It presents the view of the authors who made significant contributions to the understanding of resistance. The book focuses on inhibitors classified as antifungal, antiviral, and antimalarial, as well as metal ions. It also covers numerous reactions, which have been genetically and biochemically analyzed in this context. Additionally, some chapters cover resistance plasmids of most of the clinically important bacteria. The book is designed to aid those involved in microbiological and pharmaceutical research on antimicrobial agents, clinical infectious diseases and medical microbiology, teaching microbiology and pharmacology, pharmaceutical marketing, and infection control.

ContributorsForewordPreface1. Interaction of ß-Lactam Antibiotics with ß-Lactamases as a Cause for Resistance I. Introduction II. The ß-Lactamases III. The Interaction IV. Discussion References2. ß-Lactams Resistant to Hydrolysis by the ß-Lactamases I. Introductory Remarks II. ß -Lactams as Acylating Reagents III. ß-Lactams Resistant to the ß-Lactamases IV. Envoi References3. Nonenzymatic Resistance to ß-Lactam Antibiotics and Resistance to Other Cell Wall Synthesis Inhibitors I. Introduction II. Mechanisms of Nonenzymatic Resistance to Inhibitors of Cell Wall Synthesis III. Permeability IV. Penicillin-Binding Proteins V. Tolerance as a Mechanism of Antimicrobial Resistance to Cell Wall Synthesis Inhibitors VI. Resistance to Cell Wall Synthesis Inhibitors Other than ß-Lactams References4. Intrinsic Resistance and Whole Cell Factors Contributing to Antibiotic Resistance I. Introduction II. Cellular Structures Contributing to Resistance III. Antibiotics IV. Conclusion References5. Resistance to Antibacterial Agents Acting on Cell Membranes I. Introduction II. Medical Usefulness of Membrane-Active Agents III. Mode of Action of Membrane-Active Agents IV. Mechanisms of Resistance V. Methods for Overcoming Resistance VI. Conclusions References6. Resistance to Antibacterial Agents Acting on Antifolate Metabolism I. Introduction II. Definitions III. Sensitivity Testing of Antifolate Agents IV. Sulfonamides V. Trimethoprim VI. Conclusions VII. Antifolate Agents Other than Sulfonamides and Trimethoprim References7. Resistance to the Tetracyclines I. Antimicrobial Activity of the Tetracyclines II. Genetic Determinants of Resistance III. Transport of the Tetracyclines into Susceptible Bacteria 204 IV. Regulation and Expression of Extrachromosomal Resistance V. Cryptic, Amplifiable Chromosomal Genes for Tetracycline Resistance VI. Factors Promoting Emergence of Resistant Strains in the Environment VII. Future Approaches to the Tetracycline Resistance Problem VIII. Conclusions References8. Aminoglycoside Resistance I. Introduction II. Genetics of Resistance III. Target Resistance IV. Accumulation-Deficient Aminoglycoside Resistance V. Enzymatic Modification of Aminoglycosides VI. The Circumvention of Resistance References9. Resistance to Macrolides and Lincomycins I. Introduction II. Chemical Structures of Macrolide Antibiotics and Their Antibacterial Activities III. Epidemiology of Macrolide Antibiotic Resistance IV. Elevation of Macrolide Antibiotic Resistance by Induction V. Biochemical Mechanism of Macrolide Antibiotic Resistance References10. Resistance to Chloramphenicol and Fusidic Acid I. Structure-Activity Relationships II. Mechanism of Action III. Definition of Resistance IV. Genetic Basis of Resistance V. Epidemiology of Resistance VI. Fusidic Acid References11. Resistance to Nitrofurans and Nitroimidazoles I. Introduction II. Bacterial Drug Metabolism III. Nitrofuran Resistance IV. Nitroimidazole Resistance References12. Bacterial Metal Ion Resistances I. Introduction II. Resistance to Mercury Compounds III. Resistance to Arsenic and Antimony IV. Resistance to Cadmium V. Other Metal Ion Resistances VI. Summary References13. Resistance to Antiviral Agents I. Introduction II. Laboratory Evaluation of Antiviral Resistance III. Adenine Arabinoside IV. Acycloguanosine V. Bromovinyldeoxyuridine VI. Idoxuridine VII. Trifluorothymidine VIII. Trisodium Phosphonoformate IX. Amantadine and Rimantadine X. Summary References14. Resistance to Systemic Antifungal Agents I. Introduction II. Polyene Antibiotics, Particularly Amphotericin B III.