Biotechnology of Blood

Biotechnology of Blood presents research on applications of biotechnology to blood and its components. The book is organized into four parts. Part I begins with an overview of the blood business in order to provide background of the industry, to identify problems, and perhaps some solutions that rely on the scientific advances made possible by biotechnology. This is followed by studies on the storage and preservation of red blood cells; autologous blood salvage procedures; the development procedures to provide a constant supply of blood group O; and the development of blood substitutes. Part II on plasma fractions includes studies on the preparation of plasma fractions, recombinant antihemophilic factors, and fibrinogen. Part III on the regulation of blood cell products includes studies such as hematopoietic stem cell processing and storage; and long-term bone marrow cell cultures. Part IV on blood-borne diseases examines the inactivation of viruses found with plasma proteins and viruses found with cellular components.

Part I. Oxygen Delivery Systems 1. Biotechnology, Economies, and the Business of Blood 1.1 Cellular Components and Biotechnology 1.2 Plasma Products References 2. Long-Term Storage and Preservation of Red Blood Cells 2.1 Current State of Liquid Preservation at 4°C 2.2 Current Research in Nonfrozen Systems 2.3 Frozen Red Cells 2.4 Post-Thaw Preservation of Red Cells 2.5 Conclusions References 3. Autologous Blood Salvage Procedures 3.1 Advantages of Autologous Transfusion 3.2 Clinical Applications 3.3 Contraindications 3.4 Intraoperative Blood Salvage Devices 3.5 Postoperative Blood Salvage 3.6 Complications 3.7 Characteristics of Salvaged Blood 3.8 Administrative Considerations 3.9 Summary References 4. The Production of Group O Cells 4.1 Biochemistry, Genetics, and Formation of the ABO Blood Group Antigens 4.2 Treatment Conditions Compatible with RBC Viability 4.3 Enzymatic Conversion of Group B RBC to Group O: In Vivo Studies 4.4 Enzymatic Conversion of Group A RBC to Group O: In Vitro Studies 4.5 Future Perspectives: Rh Modification References 5. Chemically Modified and Recombinant Hemoglobin Blood Substitutes 5.1 Regulation of the Oxygen Affinity of Hemoglobin 5.2 Dissociation of the Hemoglobin Tetramer 5.3 Chemical Modification of Hemoglobin 5.4 Purification of Hemoglobin 5.5 Autooxidation of Hemoglobin 5.6 Recombinant Production of Hemoglobin 5.7 Summary References 6. Liposome-Encapsulated Hemoglobin: Historical Development of a Blood Substitute 6.1 Fabrication 6.2 In Vivo Studies 6.3 Future Directions References 7. Medical Oxygen Transport Using Perfluorochemicals 7.1 History of Perfluorochemicals in Oxygen Transport 7.2 Data on the Use of PFC Emulsions 7.3 Medical Applications and Clinical Studies 7.4 Future Perfluorochemical Products 7.5 Conclusion References Part II. Plasma Fractions 8. Current Approaches to the Preparation of Plasma Fractions 8.1 Albumin 8.2 Plasma Protein Fraction 8.3 Antihemophilic Factor (Factor VIII, or AHF) 8.4 Immunoglobulins 8.5 Fibrinogen 8.6 Prothrombin Complex 8.7 Activated Prothrombin Complex Concentrates 8.8 Antithrombin III 8.9 Current Equipment and Technologies Used in Plasma Fractionation References 9. Recombinant Antihemophilic Factors 9.1 Factor VIII 9.2 Factor IX 9.3 Factor VII 9.4 Other Recombinant Coagulation Factors 9.5 Conclusion References 10. Recombinant Tissue-Type Plasminogen Activator 10.1 The Fibrinolytic System 10.2 Nonrecombinant Tissue-Type Plasminogen Activator (t-PA) 10.3 Recombinant Tissue-Type Plasminogen Activator (rt-PA) 10.4 Mutants and Variants of Tissue-Type Plasminogen Activator 10.5 Conclusions References 11. Fibrinogen and Fibrin Formation and Its Role in Fibrinolysis 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Physicochemical Properties of Fibrinogen 11.3 Chains and Prosthetic Groups of Fibrinogen 11.4 Primary Structure of Fibrinogen 11.5 Activation of Fibrinogen 11.6 Fibrin(ogen)olysis in Presence of Plasmin 11.7 Interaction of Fibrinogen and Fibrin with Ions, Plasma Proteins, and Cells 11.8 Biosynthesis of Fibrinogen 11.9 Evolution of Fibrinogen and Hemostatic Mechanisms 11.10 Role of Fibrinogen in Health and Disease References 12.