Cross-Cultural and Multicultural Psychology

This book combines hard science with everyday issues to explore how the intangible forces of our cultural milieu (race, religion, class, gender, sexuality, social media, etc.) powerfully change the way we want, think, and act. It incorporates both cross- and multi-cultural approaches to tackle modern issues of living in a diverse world.

Christine Ma-Kellams

Preface Acknowledgments Introduction: Half of the World's Population Is . . . We Are a (Uniquely) Cultural Species Cross-Cultural Psychology Approaches and Methods Goals and Non-goals of This Book PART I: CROSS-CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY, OR THE QUESTION OF HOW WE DIFFER Chapter 1: Race, Ethnicity, and Nationality Defining Race, Culture, and Ethnicity East Asians versus European Americans African Americans Latino/a Americans Native Americans White Identity Key Concepts Chapter 2: Class A Brief History of Class Defining Social Class Key Concepts Chapter 3: Religion How Religious Are We, Really? Brief History of Religion as Culture: The Protestant Work Ethic Defining Religion: Culture, Religion, and Spirituality Explaining Religion's Effects Summary Key Concepts Chapter 4: Gender Development of a Gendered Identity Defining Gender versus Sex How Different Are Men and Women, Really? Key Concepts Chapter 5: Region Regional Variation in the United States: A Tale of Three Cities Regional Variation in Homicides Global Regional Variation: The Urban versus Rural Difference Global Regional Variation: The Role of Environmental Threats Key Concepts Chapter 6: Human Universals A Reasonable (but Wrong) Conclusion Levels of Universality Psychological Universals in the Four Fs: Fighting/Fleeing, Flirting, and Feeding Morality Universals Religious Universals Key Concepts PART II: MULTICULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY, OR WHEN CULTURES COLLIDE Chapter 7: Intergroup Conflict: Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination Stereotypes versus Prejudice versus Discrimination The Automatic Nature of Stereotypes and Prejudice The Self-Confirming Nature of Stereotypes Prejudice and Discrimination Positive Stereotypes: Fact or Illusion? Knowing Is Half the Battle: What Alleviates Stereotype Threat? Summary Key Concepts Chapter 8: Ingroup Derogation and Self-Stereotyping The Story of Race, Revisited Ingroup Derogation among Racial Minorities Ingroup Derogation among Low-Status Groups Self-Stereotyping among Advantaged Groups The "Black Sheep" Effect and Other Cases of Ingroup Derogation Explaining Ingroup Derogation and Self-Stereotyping Ingroup Derogation versus Self-Stereotyping Key Concepts Chapter 9: Identity and Acculturation What Are You? (I Mean, Where Are You From?) Defining Identity, Because It's Complicated Having an Identity, Because Identification Matters Changing Identity, Because Identity Is Fluid Not All Immigrant Experiences Are Created Equal Unpacking Minority Group Identities, Because Identity Is Socially Constructed Key Concepts Chapter 10: Navigating Diversity: Multiculturalism versus Culture-Blindness Racism without Racists? Multiple Approaches to Diversity Multiculturalism Moderators and Mediators: Explaining the Ideology-Prejudice Link The Role of Intergroup Contact in Shaping Attitudes toward Diversity Key Concepts PART III: THE FUTURE OF CULTURE Chapter 11: Where Does Culture Come From? A Lesson from Breaking Bad A Brief History of Cultural Psychology Culture as Ecology Culture as Social Epidemiology Culture as Gene-Environment Interactions Explaining Between-Culture Variation The Bottom Line Key Concepts Chapter 12: Culture and the Brain: Frontiers in Cultural Neuroscience A Brief History of Neuroscience Your Brain, on Culture: Universals across Ethnic Contexts Your Brain, on Culture: Cultural Differences by Ethnicity The Same, but Different (Again) Additional Forms of Culture, Revisited Key Concepts Chapter 13: Predicting the Future: Tracking Cultural Change Mechanisms for Cultural Change Cultural Changes within the United States Cultural Changes Outside the United States Global Trends in Cultural Change Conclusion Key Concepts Chapter 14: Newer Forms of Culture LGBTQ+ Culture Cultural Competency Social Media Culture Key Concepts Epilogue Culture Is Not Destiny A Lesson from Baboons References Index About the Author