Exploring Extended Realities

This volume highlights interdisciplinary research on the ethical, metaphysical, and experimental dimensions of extended reality technologies, including virtual and augmented realities. It explores themes connected to the nature of virtual objects, the value of virtual experiences and relationships, experimental ethics, moral psychology in the metaverse, and game/simulation design. Extended reality (XR) refers to a family of technologies aiming to augment (AR) or virtually replace (VR) human experience. The chapters in this volume represent cutting-edge research on XR experiences from a wide range of approaches including philosophy, psychology, Africana studies, and cognitive sciences. They are organized around three guiding questions. Part 1, "What is Extended Reality?", contains a series of chapters examining metaphysical questions about virtual objects, actions, and worlds. Part 2, "Is There an Ethics for Extended Realities?", includes chapters that address ethical questions that arise within XR experiences. Finally, Part 3, "What Can We Do with Extended Realities?", features chapters from a diverse group of social scientists on the potential uses of XR as an investigative and educational tool, including its strengths and pitfalls. Exploring Extended Realities will appeal to scholars and advanced students working in philosophy of technology, metaphysics, moral psychology, applied ethics, and game studies.

Andrew Kissel is Assistant Professor of Philosophy and Religious Studies at Old Dominion University. His research focuses on the foundations of moral responsibility in virtual and non-virtual contexts. With the Virginia Modelling, Analysis, and Simulation Center (VMASC), he develops thought experiments in VR, including work funded by the National Endowment for the Humanities. Erick José Ramirez is Associate Professor of Philosophy at Santa Clara University. He has developed numerous thought experiments for virtual reality, which are available on his personal website: https://www.erickjramirez.com. He is the author of The Ethics of Virtual and Augmented Reality: Building Worlds (Routledge).

Introducing Exploring extended realities: Metaphysical, psychological, and ethical challenges Andrew Kissel and Erick José Ramirez Part 1: What is extended reality? 1. "Back to Reality": The case against Ludo-Fictionalism Espen Aarseth 2. Fictionalism and virtual objects Mark Silcox 3. Against metaphysical interpretations of VR Grant Tavinor 4. The intersecting frontiers of extended reality and neuropsychology Thomas D. Parsons and Joseph Neisser Part 2: Is there an ethics for extended reality? 5. Mediated reality Michael Madary 6. Extended reality, control, and problems of the self: An ethical analysis Erick José Ramirez, Shelby Jennett, Dorian Clay, and Mohit Gandhi 7. Moral narratives in virtual worlds Andrew Kissel Part 3: What can we do with extended realities? 8. Virtual reality in experimental moral psychology: Identifying and understanding judgment-action discrepancy Kathryn. B. Francis 9. Moral behavior in virtual reality Eugy Han and Jeremy N. Bailenson 10. Doing good with virtual reality: The ethics of using virtual simulations for improving human morality Jon Rueda 11. Through a glass virtually: On the future of extended realities Erick José Ramirez and Andrew Kissel