The Orthopoxviruses

The Orthopoxviruses presents knowledge and comprehensive and integrated picture of orthopoxviruses. The book looks into the molecular biology of this genusof viruses, particularly, the structure and chemical composition of the virion, replication, morphogenesis, pathogenesis, pathology, and immunology of this virus' infections. It also elucidates the global spread, control, and eradication of smallpox. Additionally, the book describes a potentially important use of vaccinia virus, namely, its use as a vector for genes from other viruses, bacteria, or protozoa that specify antigens important in stimulating the production of a protective immune response. Such comprehensive account of all aspects of the biology of all known species of orthopoxviruses will be valuable to molecular biologists, virologists, immunologists, pathologists, and researchers in the veterinary sciences.

Preface1. Historical Introduction and Overview Variolation and Vaccination Classification of the Orthopoxviruses Species within the Genus Orthopoxvirus Species of Orthopoxvirus: An Overview Physical Properties of the Orthopoxvirus Virion Chemical Composition of the Orthopoxvirus Virion The Use of Laboratory Animals for Poxvirus Research Growth of Orthopoxviruses in Cultured Cells Assay of Viral Infectivity The Replication Cycle of Vaccinia Virus Genetic Studies of Orthopoxviruses Pathology, Pathogenesis, and Immunology Experimental Epidemiology The Global Eradication of Smallpox Vaccinia Virus as a Vector for Vaccine Antigens Summary of Historical Events in Orthopoxvirus Research 2. Structure and Chemical Composition of the Virion Structure of the Virion Chemical Composition of Virions of Vaccinia Virus Structure of the Genome Polypeptides of Orthopoxviruses Lipids of Virions of Vaccinia Virus 3. Replication and Morphogenesis of Vaccinia Virus The Replication Cycle Initiation of Infection Early Transcription Late Transcription Regulation of Early and Late Gene Expression Replication of the Genome Role of the Host Cell Nucleus in the Replication of Poxviruses Morphogenesis 4. The Pathogenesis, Pathology, and Immunology of Orthopoxvirus Infections Portals of Entry in Orthopoxvirus Infections The Spread of Infection through the Body The Consequences of Systemic Infection Pathological Changes in Orthopoxvirus Infections Viral Persistence and Reactivation The Immune Response in Orthopoxvirus Infections Methods of Immunization against Orthopoxvirus Infections Nonspecific Mechanisms Involved in Host Defense 5. Vaccinia Virus: The Tool for Smallpox Eradication Vaccinia Virus as a Separate Species History of Smallpox Vaccine Variants of Vaccinia Virus Sources of Vaccinia Virus Strains Used for Smallpox Vaccine The Origin of Vaccinia Virus Vaccinia Virus as a Vector for Other Antigens6. Cowpox Virus Properties of Cowpox Virus Naturally Occurring Infections with Cowpox Virus 7. Variola Virus Variola Virus in Its Human Host The Properties of Variola Virus Comparison of Variola Virus with Other Orthopoxviruses Differences between Strains of Variola Virus Unusual Strains of Variola Virus Use of Individual Markers as Epidemiological Tracers Variola-like Viruses from Animals-the "Whitepox" Viruses Laboratory Aids to the Diagnosis of Smallpox 8. Monkey pox Virus Monkeypox in Captive Primates The Properties of Monkeypox Virus Human Monkeypox The Ecology of Monkeypox Virus Summary 9. Ectromelia Virus Properties of Ectromelia Virus Mousepox in Laboratory Mice Laboratory Diagnosis Prophylaxis and Control10. Other Orthopoxviruses Camelpox Virus Raccoon Poxvirus Tatera Poxvirus Uasin Gishu Disease Virus Vole Poxvirus 11. The Global Spread, Control, and Eradication of Smallpox Clinical Features of Smallpox Epidemiology of Smallpox Smallpox in the Ancient World up to 1000 AD The Spread of Smallpox by European Colonists Methods of Control The Spread of Variola Minor Control and Eradication of Smallpox12. Vaccinia Virus as a Vector for Vaccine Antigens Insertion of Foreign Genes into Vaccinia Virus DNA Analysis of Viral Gene Function Vaccination of Experimental Animals Potential for Human Vaccines Potential for Veterinary VaccinesBibliographyIndex