Identity

Tavistock Press was established as a co-operative venture between the Tavistock Institute and Routledge & Kegan Paul (RKP) in the 1950s to produce a series of major contributions across the social sciences. This volume is part of a 2001 reissue of a selection of those important works which have since gone out of print, or are difficult to locate. Published by Routledge, 112 volumes in total are being brought together under the name The International Behavioural and Social Sciences Library: Classics from the Tavistock Press. Reproduced here in facsimile, this volume was originally published in 1961 and is available individually. The collection is also available in a number of themed mini-sets of between 5 and 13 volumes, or as a complete collection.

Kenneth Soddy

CONTENTS PREFACE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Identity INTRODUCTION Reason for working - Reason for choosing 'identity' -References to identity Xl xii I. DEFINITIONS 3 II. FIRST APPROACH TO IDENTITY 4 Reciprocity- Continuum III. THE DEVELOPMENT OF IDENTITY 5 Twins- The course of development -somatic sensitivity- Identity organization- Time scale of ego and identity formation IV. EMPATHY 9 Sex differences in empathy formation - Empathy and burial or cremation wishes V. IDENTIFICATION WITH OTHERS 12 Child-parent identification - Friendship, courtship, and mating- Hatred and identification- Extreme emphasis on identity factors VI. IDENTITY AND GROUP MEMBERSHIP I 5 Group loyalties - Group prejudice - Laughter - Roots - Leadership - In-groups and out-groups - Reference groups - Morality - Identity change - Individuality and group - Individualism and collectivism Vll VII. FURTHER ASPECTS OF IDENTIFICATION 25 How are individuals identified?- Labels- Identification in families - Identity as an interpersonal phenomenon VDI. FURTHER CULTURAL FACTORS AND IDENTITY 30 Social role, status, and class- Some peer culture phenomena- Nationalism IX. IDENTITY CONTINUITY, COHERENCE, AND FLEXIBILITY 34 Some ethnological considerations - Personality integration - Identity strength - Formalized ways of accepting temporary breaks in identity - Promotion of identity strength - Prevention of excessive strain on identity formation X. HIERARCHY OF IDENTITIES 38 Multiple identities - Hierarchy of identities - Basic plot - Style of identity XI. UNUSUAL FORMS OF IDENTITY 42 Change of identity- Migration - 'Family romance' XII. MORE EXTREME FORMS OF IDENTITY FORMATION 45 Social conventions permitting changes of identity -Specific sources of strain -Special position of some individuals and whole groups- Double personalityDisturbances of identity XIII. IDENTITY BREAKDOWN Depersonalization - Attitudes to death XIV. MENTAL HEALTH IMPLICATIONS