Resistance to Repression and Violence

Democratic backsliding, increased great power competition, hate speech and violence, mass atrocities and genocides, civil wars, revolution and counter-revolution, reactionary movements against women's and minority rights, advancements in surveillance, censorship, and policing technologies, and war--the 21st century has become increasingly repressive and dangerous for political participation across the globe. At the same time, there has been increased protest and a proliferation of resistance movements. This seeming paradox has raised many questions among publics, academics, and policy makers, including: What motivates people to resist at the risk of their lives and livelihoods? What actions do people choose to resist repression and oppression and why, and when do resistance strategies change? What causes people to come together or fall out over whether and how to resist? When and why does resistance under repressive conditions escalate or fade away?
This edited volume presents our current state of knowledge as well as new research and theorizing on these questions about the psychology of resistance in violent and repressive contexts. The chapters in this volume represent a broad range of diverse contexts and contemporary as well as historical experiences of repression, violence, and resistance in Africa, Asia, Europe, and South America--from cyberwars to civil wars, from police and state repression to pogroms and genocide. Taken together, this volume highlights the importance of considering the sociopolitical and historical contexts of resistance, the heterogeneity and complexity of psychological paths to resistance, and the variety of strategies people adopt to enact resistance to violence and repression.

Fouad Bou Zeineddine is a Lecturer in Psychology at the University of Greenwich and Associate Editor for Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology. Previously, he was an Associate Editor of the Journal of Social and Political Psychology and held academic positions in Austria, Qatar, Egypt, and South Africa. His research focuses on the psychology of resistance and resilience, and how they relate to social dilemmas and socio-ecological systems. He also studies inequities in the systems of knowledge production in modern social science. He has published research on a variety of topics in biology, psychology, and political science. Johanna Ray Vollhardt is Associate Professor of Psychology at Clark University. She is a co-founder and co-editor of the Journal of Social and Political Psychology and has served as Vice President and on the Governing Council of the International Society of Political Psychology. Her research addresses how people make sense of their communities' experiences of collective violence and oppression, and on the psychology of resistance during genocide and other violent, repressive contexts. She is a recipient of the International Society of Political Psychology's Erik Erikson Early Career Award and Best Dissertation Award, and the Gert Sommer Award for Peace Psychology.

Introduction 1. The Psychology of Resistance in Violent and Repressive Contexts: Introduction to the Volume Johanna Ray Vollhardt & Fouad Bou Zeineddine
Section I: Resistance on the Streets: The Psychology of Protest in Violent, Repressive Contexts 2. Social-Psychological Processes Underlying Collective Action in Repressive Contexts: What We Know and Ways Forward for Future Research Arin H. Ayanian, Nicole Tausch, & Rim Saab 3. Social Psychological Dynamics of Repression and Resistance to Repression: Insights from the October 2019 Lebanese Uprising Rim Saab, Arin H. Ayanian, Aya Adra, & Vivienne Badaan 4. Macro-Level Repression and Micro-Level Paths to Political Resistance: A Dual Role Framework Aya Adra & Mengyao Li 5. Understanding Protest Violence: From Protesters' to Non-Participants' Support for Protest Violence Patricio Saavedra & John Drury 6. Political Resistance in Turkey: How Resistance is Experienced and How it has Changed Over the Last Decade Yasemin Gülsüm Acar, Özden Melis Ulug, Nevin Solak, & Ercan Sen
Section 2: Resistance off the Streets: The Psychology of Resistance Strategies Beyond Protest 7. The Manifold Faces of Political Resistance: The Woman, Life, Freedom Movement Nima Orazani & Ali Teymoori 8. The Kurdish Struggle: Multiple Ways of Resisting in a Historically Oppressive Context Helin Ünal & Canan Coskan 9. Jewish Resistance during the Holocaust: Influences on the Choice between Individual and Collective Resistance Strategies Johanna Ray Vollhardt & Michal Bilewicz 10. Digital Interfaces of Repression and Resistance Joshua Uyheng & Cristina Jayme Montiel
Section III: Resistance Situated: The Dynamic Psychology of Resistance in Repressive and Violent Contexts 11. Expanding the Timeline of Resistance: Actively Including the Before in the Analysis of the Revolution in Sudan Sigrun Marie Moss & Ubai Kamal Elgizouli 12. Some Critical Notes on the Context and Psychology of Palestinian Resistance: An Interview with Dr. Mai Albzour Mai Albzour, with Fouad Bou Zeineddine (interviewer, translator, and editor) & Johanna Ray Vollhardt (interviewer and editor)
13. The Dynamics of Leadership and Resistance in Repressive Regimes: The Cases of the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic and Polish People's Republic Klara Jurstakova, Evangelos Ntontis, & Dennis Nigbur 14. Gendering Democratic Resistance to Authoritarianism: Leni Robredo's Presidential Campaign Cristina Jayme Montiel, Junix Jerald I. Delos Santos, & Joshua Uyheng 15. "They Should Take Care of Themselves, We Have Our Own Problems!": The Challenges of Sympathetic Resistance in Multi-Ethnic Authoritarian Contexts Gustave Adolphe Messanga, Hermann Kevin Ekango Nzekaih, Willy Taffo Nemboué, Sonia Npiane Ngongueu, Sylvestre Nzeuta Lontio, Pamela Fotso Magne, & Donald Brice Yoh Fopa
V. Conclusion 16. The Psychology of Resistance in Violent and Repressive Contexts: A Conclusion and a Beginning Fouad Bou Zeineddine & Johanna Ray Vollhardt