Toddlers, Parents and Culture

One doesn't have to travel extensively to realize that there are intriguing differences in the ways in which people from different cultures tend to behave. Gartstein and Putnam explore whether these differences are shaped during the early years of life, at the moment when children are just beginning to understand how, when, and why they should express some emotions, and not others. Based on the findings of the Joint Effort Toddler Temperament Consortium (JETTC), which asked parents from 14 different countries multiple questions regarding their main goals and techniques for raising children to be successful in their culture, Gartstein and Putnam analyze how children's characteristics (both normative and problematic) are shaped by different cultural environments. Drawing from insights in anthropology, sociology, and developmental psychology, the book explores the full spectrum of human experience, from broad sets of values and concerns that differentiate populations down to the intimate details of parent-child relationships. The results reveal a complex web of interrelations among societal ideals, parental attempts to fulfill them, and the ways their children manifest these efforts. In doing so, they provide a revealing look at how families raise their young children around the world. Toddlers, Parents, and Culture will be of great interest to students and scholars in temperament, cross-cultural psychology, parenting and socioemotional development in early childhood, as well as professionals in early education, child mental health, and behavioral pediatrics.

Maria A. Gartstein is a professor in the Washington State University (WSU) Department of Psychology and Director of ADVANCE at WSU. Dr. Gartstein has been studying temperament and cross-cultural differences for the past 20 years. The cross-cultural emphasis in part reflects her own experience as an immigrant, arriving in the US with her family as a child. Samuel P. Putnam is professor and chair of the Psychology Department at Bowdoin College, and Co-Chair of Undergraduate Research for the International Congress of Infant Studies (ICIS). His research concerns the measurement and structure of temperament, and how nature interacts with nurture to shape individual differences in children.

Table of Contents Chapter 1. Introduction to the Joint Effort Toddler Temperament Consortium (JETTC) Maria A. Gartstein, Samuel P. Putnam, Helena Slobodskaya, & Carolina de Weerth.......................................................... Chapter 2. JETTC Methodology Samuel P. Putnam, Maria Gartstein, Sara Casalin, Carmen González-Salinas, Blanca Huitron, Sae-Young Han, Mirjana Majdandzic, Rosario Montirosso, Oana Benga, Ibrahim Acar, Maria Beatriz Martins Linhares, Katri Räikkönen, Zhengyan Wang, Felipe Lecannelier, Roseriet Beijers, & Elena Kozlova........................................................................ Part 1: Temperament and Emerging Symptoms/Behavior Problems.......... Chapter 3. Cross-Cultural Differences in the Early Childhood Behavior Questionnaire (ECBQ) Factors Helena Slobodskaya, Elena Kozlova, Sae-Young Han, Maria A. Gartstein, & Samuel P. Putnam................................................................. Chapter 4. Cross-Cultural Differences in the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) Broadband Scales Samuel P. Putnam, Sara Casalin, Blanca Huitron, Mirjana Majdandzic, & Maria Beatriz Martins Linhares....................................... Chapter 5. Cross Cultural Differences in Associations between Temperament and Behavior Problems Carmen Gonzalez-Salinas, Noelia Sánchez-Pérez, Luis J. Fuentes, Rosario Montirosso, & Kati Heinonen......................................... Part 2: Developmental Niche: Socialization Goals (SG), Parental Ethnotheories (PE), Daily Activities Questionnaire (DAQ), Parental Responses to Temperament Displays (PRTD)................................... Chapter 6. Cross-Cultural Differences in Socialization Goals and Parental Ethnotheories Samuel P. Putnam, Maria A. Gartstein, Hannah Broos, Sara Casalin, & Felipe Lecannelier..................................................................... Chapter 7. Cross-Cultural Differences in DAQ Play and Activities Eric Desmarais, Maria A. Gartstein, Zhengyan Wang, Emine Ahmetoglu, & Roseriet Beijers.................................................................... Chapter 8. Cross-Cultural Differences in DAQ Sleep Blanca Huitron, Guadalupe Domínguez-Sandoval, Amanda Prokasky, Carmen González-Salinas, & Sae-Young Han........................................................ Chapter 9. Cross-Cultural Differences in DAQ Discipline Sam P. Putnam, Oana Benga, Rosario Montirosso, Mirjana Majdandzic & Sara Casalin....................................................................... Chapter 10 Cross-Cultural-Differences in Parents' Responses to Child Temperament Sae-Young Han, Seong-Yeon Park, Eun Gyoung Lee, Maria Beatriz Martins Linhares & Helena Slobodskaya..................................... Chapter 11. Integrating the Developmental Niche: Relations among Socialization Goals, Parental Ethnotheories, Daily Activities, and Parental Responses to Temperament Mirjana Majdandzic, Marlis Cornelia Kirchhoff, Katri Räikkönen, Oana Benga & Emine Ahmetoglu......................................................................... Part 3: The niche and the child: Links between Parental Psychology, Developmental Context, and Child Outcomes................................................ Chapter 12. Socialization Goals, Parental Ethotheories, Toddler Temperament and Behavior Problems Rosario Montirosso, Lorenzo Giusti, Niccolò Butti, Zhengyan Wang & Mirjana Majdandzic.............................................................. Chapter 13. DAQ Play/Activities, Temperament and Behavior Problems Oana Benga, Georgiana Susa-Erdogan, Roseriet Beijers, Mirjana Majdandzic & Sara Casalin..................................................................... Chapter 14. DAQ Sleep, Temperament and Behavior Problems Amanda Prokasky, Felipe Lecannelier, Noelia Sánchez-Pérez & Maria A. Gartstein............................................................................................. Chapter 15. DAQ Discipline, Temperament and Behavior Problems Oana Benga, Georgiana Susa-Erdogan, Blanca Huitron, Elena Kozlova & Emine Ahmetoglu.................................................................. Chapter 16. Parental Responses, Toddler Temperament and Behavior Problems Ibrahim Acar, Amanda Prokasky, Maria Beatriz Martins Linhares, Felipe Lecannelier & Sam P. Putnam................................................................. Chapter 17. Bringing it All Together: Mediational Models Maria Gartstein, Samuel Putnam, Mirjana Majdandzic Soile Tuovinen & Eric Desmarais..................................................................... Chapter 18. Summary and Future Directions Samuel P. Putnam, Maria A. Gartstein, Rosario Montirosso, Livio Provenzi & Zhengyan Wang....................................................................

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