Perceptual Content

Perceptual Content is the first book to discuss and compare the representational characters of all the traditional "five senses". It has three main topics or concerns.
(1) The diversity of the senses: though Lycan maintains as a working assumption that all perception represents, the similarity between sense modalities ends there. The senses' respective representational modes, styles and structures -- not just their mechanisms -- differ very strongly from each other.
(2) The Layering thesis: Lycan argues that a single sensory representation usually has more than one content, the contents systematically related to each other by a priority or dependence relation. More specifically, a perceptual state may represent one object or property by representing a more primitive or less ambitious one; he calls this the "layering" of content. For example, by hearing a sound sequence involving such-and-such volumes and timbres, you hear a voice speaking, and by hearing the voice, you hear words in a language. In some modalities layering works unexpectedly: nearly all tactile representation derives from representation of conditions of or in the subject's own skin, meaning that touch represents, e.g., the texture of a physical object by, and only by, representing stress within the skin; and even among the skin conditions, some are represented only by representing more primitive ones.
(3) Aspect perception: despite Wittgenstein's famous discussion of "seeing as" in a late section of Philosophical Investigations, little has been written on perceiving-as. Besides its intrinsic interest -- even popular appeal, what with joke ambiguous figures such as the duck-rabbit and the old/young woman -- it remains especially mysterious. Nearly all work on it has concerned vision only. But it is crucial for understanding auditory representation, which is one thing that distinguishes hearing from the other senses. Further, the auditory case severely damages what Lycan and others had thought was the best approach to understanding aspect perception, in terms of attention.

William G. Lycan is Kenan Professor of Philosophy Emeritus at the University of North Carolina, Distinguished Visiting Professor at the University of Connecticut, and an Honorary Fellow of the Australian Academy of the Humanities. His books include Consciousness (1987), Modality and Meaning ( 1994), Consciousness and Experience (1996), Real Conditionals (2001), and On Evidence in Philosophy (2019).

- Introduction
- Part I Representation by the Chemical Senses
- 1: The Intentionality of Smell
- 2: What Does Taste Represent?
- Afterword on Consciousness
- Part II Layering
- 3: Introduction to Perceptual Layering
- 4: What Does Vision Represent?
- What Is It We Touch?
- Part III Beyond Layering
- 6: Complications
- 7: Multimodality
- Part IV Aspect Perception
- 8: Philosophy and the Duck-Rabbit
- 9: Hearing As
- Conclusion