Cross-Cultural and Multicultural Psychology

Cross-Cultural and Multicultural Psychology: A Concise Introduction explores the specific ways one's cultural background shapes one's sense of self, emotions, motivation, judgments, relationships, and more. It discusses race, politics, God, sex, money, and how you like your coffee. In the process, this book unpacks "culture" in all its various forms, including (but not limited to) ethnic, socioeconomic, gender, and religious culture. It also covers what happens when cultures collide (e.g., diversity issues and multiculturalism) and presents insights into the future of culture.
To this end, this book uses empirical psychological research on culture and applies it to real-world issues, like whether money makes one happy or being online makes one unwell. It presents the mounting evidence suggesting that much of our psychological processes is culture-specific, theory-driven, and context-dependent. It includes chapters on the newest, most groundbreaking issues facing the study of culture, including how to unpack the origins of culture-where it comes from, how to test the history of culture in modern-day laboratory studies, how culture shapes the brain (and how the brain changes culture), and the question of cultural change in the era of globalization.

Christine Ma-Kellams is an associate professor of psychology at San Jose State University and the coordinator of the Research & Experimental Psychology Master's Program. Her empirical work has been published in numerous journals and covered by news outlets, including Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Psychological Science, Wall Street Journal, and the Boston Globe. Her fiction (short stories, essays, and novel, The Band) has been published by HuffPost, Salon, Chicago Tribune, Electric Literature, the Rumpus, ZYZZYVA, Kenyon Review and Atria/Simon & Schuster.

Preface
Acknowledgments
Introduction: Half of the World's Population Is . . .
We Are a (Uniquely) Cultural Species
Cross-Cultural Psychology Approaches and Methods
Goals and Non-goals of This Book
PART I: CROSS-CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY, OR THE QUESTION OF HOW WE DIFFER
Chapter 1: Race, Ethnicity, and Nationality
Defining Race, Culture, and Ethnicity
East Asians versus European Americans
African Americans
Latino/a Americans
Native Americans
White Identity
Key Concepts
Chapter 2: Class
A Brief History of Class
Defining Social Class
Key Concepts
Chapter 3: Religion
How Religious Are We, Really?
Brief History of Religion as Culture: The Protestant Work Ethic
Defining Religion: Culture, Religion, and Spirituality
Explaining Religion's Effects
Summary
Key Concepts
Chapter 4: Gender
Development of a Gendered Identity
Defining Gender versus Sex
How Different Are Men and Women, Really?
Key Concepts
Chapter 5: Region
Regional Variation in the United States: A Tale of Three Cities
Regional Variation in Homicides
Global Regional Variation: The Urban versus Rural Difference
Global Regional Variation: The Role of Environmental Threats
Key Concepts
Chapter 6: Human Universals
A Reasonable (but Wrong) Conclusion
Levels of Universality
Psychological Universals in the Four Fs: Fighting/Fleeing, Flirting, and Feeding
Morality Universals
Religious Universals
Key Concepts
PART II: MULTICULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY, OR WHEN CULTURES COLLIDE
Chapter 7: Intergroup Conflict: Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination
Stereotypes versus Prejudice versus Discrimination
The Automatic Nature of Stereotypes and Prejudice
The Self-Confirming Nature of Stereotypes
Prejudice and Discrimination
Positive Stereotypes: Fact or Illusion?
Knowing Is Half the Battle: What Alleviates Stereotype Threat?
Summary
Key Concepts
Chapter 8: Ingroup Derogation and Self-Stereotyping
The Story of Race, Revisited
Ingroup Derogation among Racial Minorities
Ingroup Derogation among Low-Status Groups
Self-Stereotyping among Advantaged Groups
The "Black Sheep" Effect and Other Cases of Ingroup Derogation
Explaining Ingroup Derogation and Self-Stereotyping
Ingroup Derogation versus Self-Stereotyping
Key Concepts
Chapter 9: Identity and Acculturation
What Are You? (I Mean, Where Are You From?)
Defining Identity, Because It's Complicated
Having an Identity, Because Identification Matters
Changing Identity, Because Identity Is Fluid
Not All Immigrant Experiences Are Created Equal
Unpacking Minority Group Identities, Because Identity Is Socially Constructed
Key Concepts
Chapter 10: Navigating Diversity: Multiculturalism versus Culture-Blindness
Racism without Racists? Multiple Approaches to Diversity
Multiculturalism
Moderators and Mediators: Explaining the Ideology-Prejudice Link
The Role of Intergroup Contact in Shaping Attitudes toward Diversity
Key Concepts
PART III: THE FUTURE OF CULTURE
Chapter 11: Where Does Culture Come From?
A Lesson from Breaking Bad
A Brief History of Cultural Psychology
Culture as Ecology
Culture as Social Epidemiology
Culture as Gene-Environment Interactions
Explaining Between-Culture Variation
The Bottom Line
Key Concepts
Chapter 12: Culture and the Brain: Frontiers in Cultural Neuroscience
A Brief History of Neuroscience
Your Brain, on Culture: Universals across Ethnic Contexts
Your Brain, on Culture: Cultural Differences by Ethnicity
The Same, but Different (Again)
Additional Forms of Culture, Revisited
Key Concepts
Chapter 13: Predicting the Future: Tracking Cultural Change
Mechanisms for Cultural Change
Cultural Changes within the United States
Cultural Changes Outside the United States
Global Trends in Cultural Change
Conclusion
Key Concepts
Chapter 14: Newer Forms of Culture
LGBTQ+ Culture
Cultural Competency
Social Media Culture
Key Concepts
Epilogue
Culture Is Not Destiny
A Lesson from Baboons
References
Index
About the Author