Image and Environment

Cognitive mapping is a construct that encompasses those processes that enable people to acquire, code, store, recall, and manipulate information about the nature of their spatial environment. It refers to the attributes and relative locations of people and objects in the environment, and is an essential component in the adaptive process of spatial decision-making--such as finding a safe and quick route to from work, locating potential sites for a new house or business, and deciding where to travel on a vacation trip. Cognitive processes are not constant, but undergo change with age or development and use or learning. Image and Environment, now in paperback, is a pioneer study. It brings a new academic discipline to a wide audience. The volume is divided into six sections, which represent a comprehensive breakdown of cognitive mapping studies: "Theory"; "Cognitive Representations"; "Spatial Preferences"; "The Development of Spatial Cognition"; "Geographical and Spatial Orientation"; and "Cognitive Distance." Contributors include Edward Tolman, James Blaut, Stephen Kaplan, Terence Lee, Donald Appleyard, Peter Orleans, Thomas Saarinen, Kevin Cox, Georgia Zannaras, Peter Gould, Roger Hart, Gary Moore, Donald Griffin, Kevin Lynch, Ulf Lundberg, Ronald Lowrey, and Ronald Briggs.

FOREWORD BY KENNETH BOULDING, PREFACE, ACKNOWLEDGMENTS, CONTRIBUTORS, I. THEORY, 1. Cognitive Maps and Spatial Behavior: Process and Products, 2. Cognitive Maps in Rats and Men, 3. Notes Toward a Developmental Theory of Spatial Learning, 4. Cognitive Maps in Perception and Thought, II. COGNITIVE REPRESENTATIONS, 5. Psychology and Living Space, 6. Notes on Urban Perception and Knowledge, 7. Differential Cognition of Urban Residents: Effects of Social Scale on Mapping, 8. How Citizens View Two Great Cities: Milan and Rome, 9. Student Views of the World, 10. Designative Perceptions of Macro-Spaces: Concepts, a Methodology, and Applications, III. SPATIAL PREFERENCE, 11. On Mental Maps, IV. THE DEVELOPMENT OF SPATIAL COGNITION, 12. Some Preliminary Observations on Spatial Learning in School Children, 13. The Black Boxes of Jônkôping; Spatial Information and Preference, 14. The Development of Spatial Cognition: A Review, V. GEOGRAPHICAL AND SPATIAL ORIENTATION, 15. Topographical Orientation, 16. Some References to Orientation, VI. COGNITIVE DISTANCE, 17. Emotional and Geographical Phenomena in Psychophysical Research, 18. A Method for Analyzing Distance Concepts of Urban Residents, 19. Urban Cognitive Distance, EPILOGUE, BIBLIOGRAPHY, NAME INDEX, INDEX OF PLACE NAMES, SUBJECT INDEX