Food and Addiction

Can certain foods hijack the brain in ways similar to drugs and alcohol, and is this effect sufficiently strong to contribute to major diseases such as obesity, diabetes, and heart disease, and hence constitute a public health menace? Terms like "chocoholic" and "food addict" are part of popular lore, some popular diet books discuss the concept of addiction, and there are food addiction programs with names like Food Addicts in Recovery Anonymous. Clinicians who work with patients often hear the language of addiction when individuals speak of irresistible cravings, withdrawal symptoms when starting a diet, and increasing intake of palatable foods over time. But what does science show, and how strong is the evidence that food and addiction is a real and important phenomenon? Food and Addiction: A Comprehensive Handbook brings scientific order to the issue of food and addiction, spanning multiple disciplines to create the foundation for what is a rapidly advancing field and to highlight needed advances in science and public policy. The book assembles leading scientists and policy makers from fields such as nutrition, addiction, psychology, epidemiology, and public health to explore and analyze the scientific evidence for the addictive properties of food. It provides complete and comprehensive coverage of all subjects pertinent to food and addiction, from basic background information on topics such as food intake, metabolism, and environmental risk factors for obesity, to diagnostic criteria for food addiction, the evolutionary and developmental bases of eating addictions, and behavioral and pharmacologic interventions, to the clinical, public health, and legal and policy implications of recognizing the validity of food addiction. Each chapter reviews the available science and notes needed scientific advances in the field.

Kelly D. Brownell, Ph.D., is Dean and Professor of Public Policy at the Sanford School of Public Policy at Duke University. Dr. Brownell is a member of the Institute of Medicine and in 2006 was named by Time Magazine as one of the World's 100 Most Influential People. Mark S. Gold, M.D., is the Donald Dizney Eminent Scholar, Distinguished Professor, and Chair of Psychiatry at the University of Florida, College of Medicine. Dr. Gold is a member of the McKnight Brain Institute and has worked for 40 years in translational addiction research. He is also an author, mentor, and inventor who has developed new treatments and models for understanding addiction and overeating.

Contributors
Introduction Food and Addiction: Why and Why Now? Kelly D. Brownell and Mark S. Gold
Part 1: The Neurobiology and Psychology of Addiction
1. Animal Models of Drug Addiction George F. Koob
2. Human Laboratory Models of Addiction Barbara J. Mason and Amanda E. Higley
3. Neuroanatomy of Addiction George F. Koob
4. Genetics of Addiction Ernest P. Noble
5. Epigenetic Changes in Addiction and Eating Disorders Firas H. Kobeissy, Mahdi Razafsha, Zhiqun Zhang and Mark S. Gold
6. Feeding Systems and Drugs of Abuse Brittany L. Mason, Eric J. Nestler and Michael Lutter
7. Co-occurring Addiction and Psychiatric Disorders Shelly F. Greenfield and Michele A. Crisafulli
8. The Study of Craving and its Role in Addiction Peter M. Monti and Lara A.Ray
9. Stress and Addiction: A Brief Overview Rajita Sinha
Part 2: Regulation of Eating and Body Weight
10. The Changing Face of Global Diet and Nutrition Barry M. Popkin
11. Weight and Diet among Children and Adolescents in the United States, 2005-2008 Cynthia L. Ogden, Molly M. Lamb, Brian K. Kit and Jacqueline D. Wright
12. Genetics of Body Weight Regulation Wendy K. Chung and Rudolph L. Leibel
13. Central Regulation of Hunger, Satiety, and Body Weight Hans-Rudolf Berthoud
14. Peripheral Regulation of Hunger and Satiety Gary J. Schwartz
15. Food Intake and Metabolism Douglas S. Ramsay and Stephen C. Woods
16. Neuroendocrine Regulation of Energy Balance Marcelo O. Dietrich and Tamas Horvath
17. Prenatal Programming of Obesity: Role of Macronutrient-Specific Peptide Systems Irene Morganstern, Jessica R. Barson and Sarah F. Leibowitz
18. The Biology and Psychology of Taste Linda M. Bartoshuk and Derek J. Snyder
19. Leptin Gene Therapy for Hyperphagia, Obesity, Metabolic Diseases and Addiction: A New Opportunity Satya P. Kalra
20. Lessons from Prader-Willi Syndrome and Pathological Brain Reinforcement Yijun Liu and Yi Zhang
21. Environmental Toxins as Triggers for Obesity Angelo Tremblay and Marina Sánchez
22. The Special Case of Sugar Sweetened Beverages Cara B. Ebbeling, Walter C. Willett and David S. Ludwig 23. The Impact of Portion Size and Energy Density on Eating Barbara J. Rolls
24. Specific Environmental Drivers of Eating Brian Wansink
Part 3: Research on Food and Addiction
25. Food Addiction and Diagnostic Criteria for Dependence Ashley N. Gearhardt and William R. Corbin
26. Phylogenetic and Ontogenetic Contributions to Today's Obesity Quagmire Elliott M. Blass
27. Food Reward Dana M. Small
28. Dopamine Deficiency, Eating and Body Weight Gene-Jack Wang, Nora D. Volkow and Joanna S. Folwer
29. Genes and Reward Circuitry as Predictors of Eating and Weight Gain Sonja Yokum and Eric Stice
30. Hormones, Hunger and Food Addiction Alain Dagher
31. Bingeing, Withdrawal, and Craving: An Animal Model of Sugar Addiction Nicole M. Avena and Bartley G. Hoebel
32. Incubation of Sucrose Craving in Animal Models Jeffrey W. Grimm
33. "Liking" vs. "Wanting" Food in Human Appetite: Relation to Craving, Overconsumption and "Food Addiction" Graham Finlayson, Michelle Dalton and John E. Blundell
34. The Psychology of Food Cravings Andrew J. Hill
35. Is Sugar as Addictive as Cocaine? Serge H. Ahmed
36. Caffeine, Addiction, and Food Consumption Daniel P. Evatt and Roland R. Griffiths
37. Interactions between Smoking, Eating, and Body Weight Marney A. White and Stephanie S. O'Malley
38. Interactions between Alcohol Consumption, Eating, and Weight Ashley N. Gearhardt and William R. Corbin
39. Relationships Between Drugs of Abuse and Eating Daniel M. Blumenthal and Mark S. Gold
40. Stress and Reward: Neural Networks, Eating, and Obesity Elissa S. Epel, A. Janet Tomiyama and Mary F. Dallman
41. Public Attitudes About Addiction as a Cause of Obesity Colleen L. Barry
Part 4: Clinical Approaches and Implications
42. Clinical Assessment of Food and Addiction Ashley N. Gearhardt and William R. Corbin
43. Psychological Treatments for Substance Use Disorders Lisa J. Merlo
44. Behavioral Treatments for Obesity Caitlin A. LaGrotte and Gary D. Foster
45. Pharmacotherapy of addictive disorders Ece Tek and Stephanie S. O'Malley 46. Pharmacotherapy for Obesity: Current and Future Treatments Orli Rosen and Louis J. Aronne
47. Surgical Treatments for Obesity Marion L. Vetter, Lucy F. Hemsley-Faulconbridge, Noel N. Williams and Thomas A. Wadden
48. Treatment of Alcohol and Drug Dependence in 2011 and Relevance to Food Addiction Kimberly Blumenthal, Robert DuPont and Mark. S. Gold
49. Treatment of Binge Eating Disorder Carlos M. Grilo
50. Exercise Addiction and Aversion: Implications for Eating and Obesity David M. Williams and Bess H. Marcus
51. New Treatments for Obesity Based on Addiction Models Richard L. Shriner
52. From the Front Lines: The Impact of Refined Food Addiction on Well-Being Joan Ifland, Kay Sheppard and H. Theresa Wright
53. From the Front Lines: A Clinical Approach to Food and Addiction Philip Werdell
54. From the Front Lines: Food and Addiction: A Personal Story Anne Rosenberg
Part 5: Public Health Approaches and Implications 55. Taxes on Energy Dense Foods to Improve Nutrition and Prevent Obesity John Cawley
56. Addressing Disparities Related to Food Intake and Obesity Shiriki Kumanyika
57. Is Food Advertising Feeding Americans' Sugar Habit? An Analysis of Exposure to Television Advertising for High-Sugar Foods Jennifer L Harris
58. Environmental Interventions to Reduce Overeating in Children Thomas N. Robinson and Donna M. Matheson
59. Nutrition Practices in Schools Marlene B. Schwartz and Nicole L. Novak
Part 6: Legal and Policy Implications 60. Legal and Policy Implications: Litigation Stephen P. Teret and Lainie Rutkow
61. Legal Implications: Regulating Sales and Marketing Jennifer L. Pomeranz
62. What Lessons for Food Policy Can Be Learned from Alcohol Control? Ian Gilmore and Karishma Chandaria
63. Policy Lessons Learned from Tobacco Kenneth E. Warner
64. Lessons from Drug Policy Robert L. DuPont
65. Global Policies Affecting Diet and Obesity Tim Lobstein
Part 7: Concluding Comments
66. Food and Addiction: Scientific, Social, Legal, and Legislative Implications Kelly D. Brownell and Mark S. Gold