Membrane Materials for Gas and Separation

The key to the successful development of separation membrane materials is finding and elaborating convenient methods for the synthesis of appropriate monomers and the determination of their optimal polymerization conditions, resulting in polymers with good gas transport and film-forming properties. This book discusses the chemistry and synthesis of silicon-containing polymers, and gas permeation and separation properties of the prepared polymers. Topics include - monomer synthesis - polymerization processes - catalyst selection - physicochemical properties - parameters of permeability - diffusivity - sorption thermodynamics - computer modeling - free volume - practical applications Aimed at researchers and advanced students working in membrane science, organosilicon chemistry, polymer science and physical chemistry as well as those in related areas such as materials science, this volume combines membrane science, organosilicon chemistry, polymer science, materials science and physical chemistry.

Editors Yuri Yampolskii Eugene Finkelshtein A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, RAS, Moscow, Russia

Contributors xi  Preface xv  1 Permeability of Polymers 1
Yuri Yampolskii  1.1 Introduction 1  1.2 Detailed mechanism of sorption and transport 3  1.2.1 Transition-state model 3  1.2.2 Free volume model 4  1.2.3 Sorption isotherms 5  1.3 Concentration dependence of permeability and diffusion coefficients 6  1.4 Effects of properties of gases and polymers on permeation parameters 10  Acknowledgement 13  References 13  2 Organosiloxanes (Silicones), Polyorganosiloxane Block Copolymers: Synthesis, Properties, and Gas Permeation Membranes Based on Them 17
Igor Raygorodsky, Victor Kopylov, and Alexander Kovyazin  2.1 Introduction 17  2.2 Synthesis and transformations of organosiloxanes 17  2.2.1 Polyorganosiloxanes with aminoalkyl groups at silicon 19  2.2.2 Organosilicon alcohols and phenols 21  2.3 Synthesis of polyorganosiloxane block copolymers 23  2.3.1 Polyester(ether)-polyorganosiloxane block copolymers 24  2.3.2 Synthesis of polyurethane-, polyurea-, polyamide-, polyimide- organosiloxane POBCs 25  2.4 Properties of polyorganosiloxane block copolymers 29  2.4.1 Phase state of polyblock organosiloxane copolymers 29  2.5 Morphology of POBCs and its effects on their diffusion properties 30  2.5.1 Types of heterogeneous structure 30  2.6 Some representatives of POBC as membrane materials and their properties 32  2.6.1 Polycarbonate-polysiloxanes 32  2.6.2 Polyurethane(urea)-polysiloxanes 39  2.6.3 Polyimide(amide)-polysiloxanes 42  2.7 Conclusions 45  References 46  3 Polysilalkylenes 53
Nikolay V. Ushakov, Stepan Guselnikov, and Eugene Finkelshtein  Acknowledgement 65  References 65  4 Polyvinylorganosilanes: The Materials for Membrane Gas Separation 69
Nikolay V. Ushakov  4.1 Introduction: Historical background 69  4.2 Syntheses and polymerization of vinyltriorganosilanes 71  4.2.1 Syntheses of vinyltriorganosilanes 71  4.2.2 Vinyltriorganosilane (VTOS) polymerization 73  4.2.2.1 VTOS homopolymerization 73  4.2.2.2 Statistical copolymerization of VTOS with other monomers 83  4.2.2.3 Block-copolymerization of VTOS with monomers of other types 85  4.3 Physico-chemical and membrane properties of polymeric PVTOS materials 88  4.4 Concluding remarks 94  Acknowledgement 95  References 95  5 Substituted Polyacetylenes 107
Toshikazu Sakaguchi, Yanming Hu, and Toshio Masuda  5.1 Introduction 107  5.2 Poly(1-trimethylsilyl-1-propyne) (PTMSP) and related polymers 110  5.2.1 Synthesis and general properties 110  5.2.2 Permeation of gases and liquids 112   5.2.3 Aging effect and cross-linking 114  5.2.4 Free volume 115  5.2.5 Nanocomposites and hybrids 116  5.3 Poly[1-phenyl-2-(p-trimethylsilylphenyl)acetylene] and related polymers 117  5.3.1 Polymer synthesis 118  5.3.2 Gas separation 121  5.4 Desilylated polyacetylenes 124  5.4.1 Desilylation of poly[1(p-trimethylsilylphenyl)-2-phenylacetylene] 124  5.4.2 PDPAs from precursor polymers with various silyl groups 125  5.4.3 Soluble poly(diphenylacetylene)s obtained by desilylation 127  5.4.4 Poly(diarylacetylene)s 128  5.5 Polar-group-containing polyacetylenes 130  5.5.1 Hydroxy group 130  5.5.2 Sulfonated and nitrated poly(diphenylacetylene)s 132  5.5.3 Other polar groups 134  5.6 Concluding remarks 135  References 136  6 Polynorbornenes 143
Eugene Finkelshtein, Maria Gringolts, Maksim Bermeshev, Pavel Chapala,and Yulia Rogan  6.1 Introduction 143  6.2 Monomer synthesis 144  6.2.1 Synthesis of silicon-substituted norbornenes and norbornadienes 145  6.2.1.1 [4- +2-]-cycloaddition of Si-substituted ethylenes and acetylenes to cyclopentadiene 145  6.2.1.2 Synthesis of silyl-substituted norbornenes and norbornadienes with alkyl and functional substituents via Si-Cl bond transformation 150  6.2.1.3 Other approaches to silylnorbornene and norbornadiene preparation 151  6.2.2 Synthesis of Si-containing exo-tricyclo[4.2.1.0 2,5 ]non-7-enes 152  6.2.2.1 The[2- +2- +2-]-cycloaddition reaction of quadricyclane with Si-containing alkenes or relative compounds as a simple way to highly active monomers 153  6.2.2.2 Cycloaddition of Q with vinylsilanes or relative compounds 154  6.2.2.3 Cycloaddition of Q with Si-containing disubstituted alkenes/acetylenes 157  6.2.2.4 Cycloaddition of Q with Si-containing 1,2,3-trisubstituted alkenes 159  6.3 Metathesis polynorbornenes 163  6.4 Addition polymerization 183  6.4.1 Addition polynorbornenes and polynorbornenes with alkyl side groups 184  6.4.2 Silicon and germanium-substituted polynorbornenes 187  6.4.3 Composites with addition silicon-containing polytricyclononenes 205  6.5 Conclusions 209  Acknowledgement 210  References 210  7 Polycondensation Materials Containing Bulky Side Groups: Synthesis and Transport Properties 223
Susanta BanerjeeandDebaditya Bera  7.1 Introduction 223  7.2 Synthesis of the polymers 224  7.2.1 Polyimides 224  7.2.1.1 One-step polymerization 224  7.2.1.2 Two-step polymerization 225  7.2.2 Poly(arylene ether)s (PAEs) 227  7.2.3 Aromatic polyamides (PAs) 228  7.2.3.1 Low temperature polymerization 228  7.2.3.2 High temperature polymerization 229  7.3 Effect of different bulky groups on polymer gas transport properties 229  7.3.1 Gas transport properties of the polyimides containing different bulky groups 229  7.3.2 Gas transport properties of polyamides containing different bulky groups 241  7.3.3 Gas transport properties of poly(arylene ether)s containing different bulky groups 248  7.3.4 Concluding remarks 263  References 265  8 Gas and Vapor Transport Properties of Si-Containing and Related Polymers 271
Yuri Yampolskii  8.1 Introduction 271  8.2 Rubbery Si-containing polymers 272  8.2.1 Polysiloxanes 272  8.2.2 Siloxane-containing copolymers (block copolymers, random copolymers and graft copolymers) 274  8.2.3 Polysilmethylenes 277  8.3 Glassy Si-containing polymers 278  8.3.1 Polymers with Si-O-Si bonds in side chains 278  8.3.2 Poly(vinyltrimethyl silane) and related vinylic polymers 282  8.3.3 Metathesis norbornene polymers 285  8.3.4 Additive norbornene polymers 286  8.3.5 Polyacetylenes 290  8.3.6 Other glassy Si-containing polymers 293  8.4 Free volume in Si-containing polymers 294  8.5 Concluding remarks 296  Acknowledgement 298  References 298  9 Modeling of Si-Containing Polymers 307
Joel R. Fried, Timothy Dubbs, and Morteza Azizi  9.1 Introduction 307  9.2 Main-chain silicon-containing polymers 309  9.2.1 Polysiloxanes 309  9.2.2 Polysilanes and silalkylene polymers 314  9.3 Side-chain silicon-containing polymers 316  9.3.1 Poly(vinyltrimethylsilane) 316  9.3.2 Poly[1-(trimethylsilyl)-1-propyne] 317  9.3.2.1 Conformational studies 318  9.3.2.2 Simulation of gas transport 319  9.4 Conclusions 324  Appendices 325  9.a Molecular flexibility 325  9.b Simulation of diffusivity 325  9.b.1 Einstein relationship 325  9.b.2 VACF method 325  9.c Simulation of solubility: Widom method 325  9.d Molecular mechanics force fields 326  9.d.1 Dreiding 326  9.d.2 Polymer-consistent force field (pcff) 326  9.d.3 Gromos 326  9.d.4 Compass 326  References 327  10 Pervaporation and Evapomeation with Si-Containing Polymers 335
Tadashi Uragami  10.1 Introduction 335  10.2 Structural design of Si-containing polymer membranes 335  10.2.1 Chemical design of Si-containing polymer membrane materials 336  10.2.2 Physical construction of Si-containing polymer membranes 336  10.3 Pervaporation 337  10.3.1 Principle of pervaporation 337  10.3.2 Fundamentals of pervaporation 338  10.3.3 Solution-diffusion model in pervaporation 339  10.4 Evapomeation 340  10.4.1 Principle of evapomeation 340  10.4.2 Principle of temperature-difference controlled evapomeation 341  10.5 Technology of pervaporation with Si-containing polymer membranes 342  10.5.1 Alcohol permselective membranes 342  10.5.2 Hydrocarbon permselective membranes 353  10.5.2.1 Aromatic hydrocarbon removal 353  10.5.2.2 Chlorinated hydrocarbon removal 358  10.5.3 Organic permselective membranes 360  10.5.4 Membranes for separation of organic-organic mixtures 361  10.5.5 Membranes for optical resolution 362  10.6 Technology of evapomeation with Si-containing polymer membranes 363  10.6.1 Permeation and separation by evapomeation 363  10.6.2 Concentration of ethanol by temperature-difference controlled evapomeation 364  10.7 Conclusions 365  References 365  11 Si-Containing Polymers in Membrane Gas Separation 373
Adele Brunetti, Leonardo Melone, Enrico Drioli, and Giuseppe Barbieri  Executive summary 373  11.1 Introduction 373  11.2 Si-containing polymer membranes used in gas separation 375  11.2.1 Silicon rubber membrane materials 375  11.2.2 Polyacetylene membrane materials 376  11.2.3 Polynorbornene membrane materials 378  11.2.4 Other Si-containing membrane materials 378  11.3 Separations 379  11.4 Membrane modules 381  11.5 Competing technologies for separation of gases 384  11.6 Applications 385  11.6.1 Air separation 385  11.6.2 Hydrogen separation 386  11.6.3 Hydrocarbon separation 390  11.6.4 VOC separation 392  References 393  Index 399