Placebo Effects in Sport and Exercise

Placebo effects have been recognised by medicine and by science, yet only recently has systematic research begun to fully understand what they are and how they work. Sport and exercise scientists started systematic research to better understand the potential performance-enhancing effects of placebos as well as how a range of treatments are used in sport, from nutritional supplements to psychological interventions to sports medicine treatments. Placebo Effects in Sport and Exercise synthesises this field of research of the influence placebo effects have in sport and exercise. This book brings together many of the world's leading and emerging placebo effect researchers to help readers gain an understanding of core research findings from within sports and exercise science as well as sport and exercise-related contributions from experts in anthropology, medicine, and neuroscience. Readers will gain an insight of what placebo and nocebo effects are, how they might influence sport and exercise performance and outcomes, and how they might significantly influence the effectiveness of performance and health interventions. The book investigates various practical and ethical implications for the sport and exercise practitioner, student, and researcher to consider. Can a placebo work if the athlete knows it's a placebo? Should practitioners use placebos to enhance performance? Can the use of placebos reduce doping? Are some sports medicine treatments little more than placebos? With the rapid growth of applied sports medicine, as well as the concept of exercise as a mental health treatment in its own right, Placebo Effects in Sport and Exercise is key reading for students and researchers of sport psychology as well as those out in the field.

Philip Hurst, PhD, is a Senior Lecturer in Sport and Exercise Psychology at the School of Psychology and Life Sciences at Canterbury Christ Church University, UK. Chris Beedie is an Honorary Professor and an affiliate of the Cognition and Neuroscience Research Group at the School of Psychology at the University of Kent, UK.

1. What are placebo effects? An introduction. 2. Can placebo effects go wrong? The nocebo effect in sport and exercise. 3. Can a placebo effect make me faster? Evidence for placebo effects as performance enhancers in sport. 4. What happens in my brain when I experience a placebo effect? Neurobiological mechanisms of placebo effects. 5. Are placebo effects special? A social-evolutionary perspective on resource perception in exercise-induced fatigue and performance. 6. Do I think or do I feel a placebo effect? Placebo effects and emotion in sport. 7. Are placebo effects a perceptual illusion? Placebo effects on performance within the Bayesian Brain. 8. Can we replace oxygen, at least partially, with a placebo? Placebo effects at high altitude. 9. Can we remove placebo effects from exercise interventions? Methodological considerations for understanding the psychological benefits of exercise. 10. Do placebo effects improve my skill? The influence of placebo effects on motor control and learning. 11. How do I use placebo effects to improve my interventions? Harnessing knowledge of placebo effects to maximise the effectiveness of interventions in sport. 12. Do you have to lie to induce placebo effects? The use of open label placebos in sport and exercise. 13. If I inject words not drugs, will athletes be less likely to dope?. 14. Is it OK to recommend complementary or alternative medicine even though I know it's a placebo? Why the neurobiology of the placebo effect does not legitimize the use of CAM. 15. Can I use the placebo effect to treat injured or ill athletes? Ethics, deception, and placebo effects in sports medicine.